diff --git a/src/components/admin/advertisements/AdvertisementPreview.jsx b/src/components/admin/advertisements/AdvertisementPreview.jsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22a0314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/admin/advertisements/AdvertisementPreview.jsx
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// components/admin/advertisements/AdvertisementPreview.jsx
+
+import { ChevronLeft, ChevronRight, Megaphone } from "lucide-react";
+import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
+import { Card, CardContent } from "@/components/ui/card";
+import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
+import { Progress } from "@/components/ui/progress";
+
+// ── AdvertisementPreview ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+/**
+ * Live, presentational preview of a single ad slide as it will actually
+ * render inside the real Hero/Banner carousel (see components/generic/Blocks/
+ * Client/Advertisements/{Hero,Banner}.jsx) — same image + gradient overlay +
+ * bottom-left badge/headline/description layout, just scaled down for the
+ * admin form. The prev/next/progress chrome below the slide is static (no
+ * real carousel behind it, since there's only ever one slide to preview) —
+ * it's there purely so the admin recognizes this as "inside a carousel."
+ *
+ * Props:
+ *   format      — "hero" | "banner", determines slide height/typography
+ *   badgeLabels — string[]
+ *   headline    — string
+ *   description — string
+ *   imageSrc    — resolved image URL, or null/undefined
+ */
+export function AdvertisementPreview({ format = "hero", badgeLabels, headline, description, imageSrc }) {
+    const isHero = format !== "banner";
+    const labels = Array.isArray(badgeLabels) ? badgeLabels.filter(Boolean) : [];
+
+    return (
+        <div>
+            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-2">
+                Preview — this is how it will appear in the carousel.
+            </p>
+            <Card className={cnRounded(isHero)}>
+                <CardContent className={cnHeight(isHero) + " relative bg-muted flex items-center justify-center p-0"}>
+                    {imageSrc ? (
+                        <img
+                            src={imageSrc}
+                            alt={headline || "Advertisement preview"}
+                            className="absolute inset-0 w-full h-full object-cover"
+                        />
+                    ) : (
+                        <Megaphone className="size-6 text-muted-foreground" />
+                    )}
+
+                    <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-gradient-to-t from-black/90 via-black/50 to-transparent" />
+
+                    <div className="absolute bottom-0 left-0 p-4 flex flex-col gap-2 max-w-[85%]">
+                        {labels.length > 0 && (
+                            <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 flex-wrap">
+                                {labels.map((label, i) => (
+                                    <Badge key={i} variant="outline" className="pointer-events-none select-none w-fit border-white/30 bg-black/20 text-white">
+                                        <Megaphone /> {label}
+                                    </Badge>
+                                ))}
+                            </div>
+                        )}
+                        {headline && (
+                            <div className={(isHero ? "text-xl" : "text-lg") + " font-bold text-white leading-tight tracking-tight"}>
+                                {headline}
+                            </div>
+                        )}
+                        {description && (
+                            <p className="text-gray-200 text-xs leading-relaxed line-clamp-2">
+                                {description}
+                            </p>
+                        )}
+                    </div>
+                </CardContent>
+            </Card>
+
+            {/* Static carousel chrome — communicates "this sits inside a carousel," not functional */}
+            <div className="flex items-center justify-between mt-3">
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                    <Button variant="outline" size="icon-sm" className="rounded-lg" disabled>
+                        <ChevronLeft />
+                    </Button>
+                    <Button variant="outline" size="icon-sm" className="rounded-lg" disabled>
+                        <ChevronRight />
+                    </Button>
+                </div>
+                <div className="flex-1 max-w-24 ml-4">
+                    <Progress value={100} className="h-2" />
+                </div>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    );
+}
+
+function cnRounded(isHero) {
+    return "border overflow-hidden pl-0 py-0 " + (isHero ? "rounded-2xl" : "rounded-xl");
+}
+
+function cnHeight(isHero) {
+    return isHero ? "h-56" : "h-48";
+}
diff --git a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/AudioBlock.jsx b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/AudioBlock.jsx
index 15a51f3..aa02ba7 100644
--- a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/AudioBlock.jsx
+++ b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/AudioBlock.jsx
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ export function AudioBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
                                 }}
                             />
                         ) : (
-                            <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-muted" />
+                            <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-primary" />
                         )}
 
                         <div className="relative z-10 flex items-center gap-4 p-4 text-white">
@@ -291,7 +291,9 @@ export function AudioBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
                                     value={muted ? 0 : volume}
                                     onChange={handleVolume}
                                     aria-label="Volume"
-                                    className="w-16 h-1.5"
+                                    className="w-16 h-1.5 accent-primary cursor-pointer
+                                        [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:appearance-none [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:size-3 [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:rounded-full [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:bg-primary [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:cursor-pointer
+                                        [&::-moz-range-thumb]:appearance-none [&::-moz-range-thumb]:size-3 [&::-moz-range-thumb]:rounded-full [&::-moz-range-thumb]:bg-primary [&::-moz-range-thumb]:border-0 [&::-moz-range-thumb]:cursor-pointer"
                                 />
                             </div>
 
diff --git a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/VideoBlock.jsx b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/VideoBlock.jsx
index 8c711ca..02cbd08 100644
--- a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/VideoBlock.jsx
+++ b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Admin/VideoBlock.jsx
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
   const poster = thumbnailUrl ?? content?.thumbnail_url ?? undefined;
 
   const vidRef = useRef(null);
+  const wrapRef = useRef(null);
   const [playing,       setPlaying]       = useState(false);
   const [progress,      setProgress]      = useState(0);
   const [currentTime,   setCurrentTime]   = useState(0);
@@ -38,7 +39,13 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
   const [muted,         setMuted]         = useState(false);
   const [volume,        setVolume]        = useState(1);
   const [overlayVisible,setOverlayVisible]= useState(true);
-  const [isFullscreen,  setIsFullscreen]  = useState(false);
+  // Native Fullscreen API works on desktop (all browsers) and Android Chrome.
+  // iOS Safari doesn't support Fullscreen API on arbitrary elements at all, so
+  // pseudoFullscreen is a CSS-only (fixed inset-0) fallback that keeps our
+  // custom controls instead of falling back to native <video> fullscreen.
+  const [nativeFullscreen, setNativeFullscreen] = useState(false);
+  const [pseudoFullscreen, setPseudoFullscreen] = useState(false);
+  const isFullscreen = nativeFullscreen || pseudoFullscreen;
   // True from the moment `src` is set until the browser has actually
   // buffered enough to render a frame (or stalls mid-playback) — closes the
   // gap between "token resolved" (the `loading` from useAssetPreviewSrc
@@ -104,6 +111,13 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
     else          { v.pause(); setPlaying(false); setOverlayVisible(true);  }
   }, []);
 
+  // Safari doesn't focus a <div tabIndex> on click, which silently kills
+  // keyboard shortcuts afterwards — force it explicitly.
+  const handleAreaClick = useCallback(() => {
+    wrapRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+    togglePlay();
+  }, [togglePlay]);
+
   const restart = () => {
     const v = vidRef.current;
     if (!v) return;
@@ -134,10 +148,24 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
   };
 
   const toggleFullscreen = () => {
-    const el = document.getElementById("video-block-wrap");
+    // Uses wrapRef instead of getElementById so this works correctly even if
+    // an admin page ever renders more than one VideoBlock at once (an id
+    // lookup would always grab the first match, toggling the wrong player).
+    const el = wrapRef.current;
     if (!el) return;
-    if (document.fullscreenElement) document.exitFullscreen();
-    else el.requestFullscreen?.();
+    if (isFullscreen) {
+      if (document.fullscreenElement) document.exitFullscreen();
+      else if (document.webkitFullscreenElement) document.webkitExitFullscreen();
+      else setPseudoFullscreen(false);
+    } else if (el.requestFullscreen) {
+      el.requestFullscreen();
+    } else if (el.webkitRequestFullscreen) {
+      // Desktop Safari — supports element fullscreen via the prefixed API.
+      el.webkitRequestFullscreen();
+    } else {
+      // iOS Safari has no element-level Fullscreen API at all.
+      setPseudoFullscreen(true);
+    }
   };
 
   // Ignore keystrokes aimed at the seek/volume range inputs so arrow keys
@@ -145,7 +173,10 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
   const handleKeyDown = useCallback((e) => {
     if (e.target.tagName === "INPUT") return;
     const v = vidRef.current;
-    switch (e.key) {
+    // Fold single-char keys to lowercase so Shift/Caps-Lock doesn't break
+    // letter shortcuts (e.g. Shift+F reporting as "F", not "f").
+    const key = e.key.length === 1 ? e.key.toLowerCase() : e.key;
+    switch (key) {
       case " ":
         e.preventDefault();
         togglePlay();
@@ -166,20 +197,49 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
         e.preventDefault();
         toggleFullscreen();
         break;
+      case "Escape":
+        if (isFullscreen) {
+          e.preventDefault();
+          toggleFullscreen();
+        }
+        break;
       default: break;
     }
-  }, [togglePlay]);
+  }, [togglePlay, toggleMute, toggleFullscreen, isFullscreen]);
 
   // #video-block-wrap now wraps both the video area and the controls bar
   // below it (previously just the video), so fullscreen no longer drops the
   // seek bar / volume / fullscreen button. isFullscreen also relaxes the
   // 16/9 + max-height constraints so the video fills the screen properly.
   useEffect(() => {
-    const onChange = () => setIsFullscreen(!!document.fullscreenElement);
+    // Safari (incl. desktop) still fires the prefixed webkitfullscreenchange
+    // event for element-level fullscreen, so both are listened for.
+    const onChange = () => {
+      const active = !!(document.fullscreenElement || document.webkitFullscreenElement);
+      setNativeFullscreen(active);
+      // Safari doesn't focus a <div tabIndex> on click, so keyboard
+      // shortcuts silently stop working after entering fullscreen unless we
+      // explicitly refocus the wrapper here.
+      if (active) wrapRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+    };
     document.addEventListener("fullscreenchange", onChange);
-    return () => document.removeEventListener("fullscreenchange", onChange);
+    document.addEventListener("webkitfullscreenchange", onChange);
+    return () => {
+      document.removeEventListener("fullscreenchange", onChange);
+      document.removeEventListener("webkitfullscreenchange", onChange);
+    };
   }, []);
 
+  // CSS pseudo-fullscreen fallback (iOS Safari) — lock page scroll and
+  // reclaim keyboard focus while it's active, restore on exit/unmount.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!pseudoFullscreen) return;
+    const prevOverflow = document.body.style.overflow;
+    document.body.style.overflow = "hidden";
+    wrapRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+    return () => { document.body.style.overflow = prevOverflow; };
+  }, [pseudoFullscreen]);
+
   // ── Asset picker handler ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
   //
   // Saves all metadata needed by the client VideoBlock at render time.
@@ -221,16 +281,17 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onUpdate, readOnly = false }) {
       ) : src ? (
         <div
           id="video-block-wrap"
+          ref={wrapRef}
           tabIndex={0}
           onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
-          className={`overflow-hidden bg-card outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring ${isFullscreen ? "fixed inset-0 flex flex-col" : "rounded-lg border"}`}
+          className={`overflow-hidden bg-card outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring ${isFullscreen ? "fixed inset-0 z-[100] flex flex-col" : "rounded-lg border"}`}
         >
 
           {/* ── Video area ── */}
           <div
             className={`relative w-full bg-black cursor-pointer group ${isFullscreen ? "flex-1 min-h-0" : ""}`}
             style={isFullscreen ? undefined : { aspectRatio: "16/9", maxHeight: "calc(100vh - 260px)" }}
-            onClick={togglePlay}
+            onClick={handleAreaClick}
           >
             <video
               ref={vidRef}
diff --git a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Banner.jsx b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Banner.jsx
index d04c172..ad180e2 100644
--- a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Banner.jsx
+++ b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Banner.jsx
@@ -25,13 +25,16 @@ function hasLandingPage(ad) {
  * Banner advertisement carousel — same carousel shell as Hero, so a placement
  * with several live ads (e.g. tier_plans.banner) rotates through all of them
  * instead of only ever showing the single highest-priority one.
- * Each slide's layout is driven by its own content_mode:
- *   "content" — decorative panel with badge/headline/description/CTAs
- *   "image"   — full-bleed image, clickable through to the ad's redirect/CTA
+ * Every current-shape ad (content_mode "content") always shows its image with
+ * badge/headline/description layered on top, same as Hero — the whole slide
+ * is clickable through to the ad's redirect_link/landing page whenever it has
+ * no CTA buttons of its own. content_mode "image" is legacy-only (pre-dates
+ * the mandatory badge/headline/description/image/link shape) and keeps
+ * rendering as a bare clickable image with no text overlay.
  *
  * Props:
- *   ads        — array of advertisement objects { content_mode, badge_labels, headline, description, ctas, image, image_url, advertisement_id }
- *   onCtaClick — (ad, cta) => void. cta is undefined for the whole-banner click on image-only ads.
+ *   ads        — array of advertisement objects { content_mode, badge_labels, headline, description, ctas, redirect_link, image, image_url, advertisement_id }
+ *   onCtaClick — (ad, cta) => void. cta is undefined for the whole-slide click.
  */
 export function Banner({ ads, onCtaClick }) {
     const [api, setApi] = useState();
@@ -63,12 +66,16 @@ export function Banner({ ads, onCtaClick }) {
                         const ctas = Array.isArray(ad.ctas) ? ad.ctas : [];
                         const badgeLabels = Array.isArray(ad.badge_labels) ? ad.badge_labels : [];
 
+                        // Whole-slide click-through only makes sense when there's no CTA
+                        // row of its own to carry that responsibility instead — a landing
+                        // page (Page Builder content) always wins over the plain redirect.
+                        const clickable = ctas.length === 0 && (hasLandingPage(ad) || ad.redirect_link);
+                        const handleSlideClick = () => (hasLandingPage(ad) ? setViewAd(ad) : onCtaClick?.(ad, undefined));
+
                         return (
                             <CarouselItem key={ad.advertisement_id}>
                                 {ad.content_mode !== "content" ? (
-                                    // ── Full Image ──
-                                    // A landing page (Page Builder content) always wins over the CTA
-                                    // click-through — it's the only destination this ad actually has.
+                                    // ── Full Image (legacy Image Only ads with no badge/headline/description) ──
                                     <button
                                         type="button"
                                         onClick={() => (hasLandingPage(ad) ? setViewAd(ad) : onCtaClick?.(ad, ctas[0]))}
@@ -85,21 +92,41 @@ export function Banner({ ads, onCtaClick }) {
                                         )}
                                     </button>
                                 ) : (
-                                    // ── Content + Image ──
-                                    <div className="tier_plans_banner w-full rounded-xl xs:p-5 sm:p-4 lg:p-10 text-white">
-                                        <div className="relative w-full items-start flex justify-between">
+                                    // ── Image + Content overlay ──
+                                    <div
+                                        role={clickable ? "button" : undefined}
+                                        tabIndex={clickable ? 0 : undefined}
+                                        onClick={clickable ? handleSlideClick : undefined}
+                                        onKeyDown={clickable ? (e) => { if (e.key === "Enter" || e.key === " ") handleSlideClick(); } : undefined}
+                                        className={"relative w-full rounded-xl overflow-hidden border text-left h-[clamp(180px,22vw,320px)]" + (clickable ? " cursor-pointer" : "")}
+                                    >
+                                        {imageSrc ? (
+                                            <img
+                                                src={imageSrc}
+                                                alt={ad.headline || "Advertisement"}
+                                                className="absolute inset-0 w-full h-full object-cover pointer-events-none select-none"
+                                            />
+                                        ) : (
+                                            <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-muted flex items-center justify-center">
+                                                <Megaphone className="size-6 text-muted-foreground" />
+                                            </div>
+                                        )}
+
+                                        <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-gradient-to-t from-black/90 via-black/50 to-transparent" />
+
+                                        <div className="relative h-full w-full flex items-center xs:p-5 sm:p-4 lg:p-10 text-white overflow-hidden">
                                             <div className="md:w-2xl space-y-4 xs:p-1.5 lg:p-0">
                                                 {badgeLabels.length > 0 && (
                                                     <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 flex-wrap">
                                                         {badgeLabels.map((label, i) => (
-                                                            <Badge key={i} variant="outline" className="border-white/50 bg-white/10 text-white">
+                                                            <Badge key={i} variant="outline" className="pointer-events-none select-none border-white/50 bg-white/10 text-white">
                                                                 {label}
                                                             </Badge>
                                                         ))}
                                                     </div>
                                                 )}
-                                                {ad.headline && <div className="lg:text-5xl xs:text-4xl font-tier-ads lg:leading-16">{ad.headline}</div>}
-                                                {ad.description && <p className="leading-relaxed text-lg">{ad.description}</p>}
+                                                {ad.headline && <div className="pointer-events-none select-none lg:text-5xl xs:text-4xl font-geist font-bold lg:leading-16">{ad.headline}</div>}
+                                                {ad.description && <p className="pointer-events-none select-none leading-relaxed text-lg line-clamp-2">{ad.description}</p>}
 
                                                 {ctas.length > 0 && (
                                                     <div className="flex gap-3 items-center">
@@ -115,17 +142,6 @@ export function Banner({ ads, onCtaClick }) {
                                                     </div>
                                                 )}
                                             </div>
-
-                                            <div className="lg:absolute lg:-top-4 lg:-right-4">
-                                                <Button
-                                                    variant="secondary"
-                                                    aria-label={hasLandingPage(ad) ? "View advertisement details" : "Advertisement"}
-                                                    className={hasLandingPage(ad) ? undefined : "pointer-events-none"}
-                                                    onClick={() => hasLandingPage(ad) && setViewAd(ad)}
-                                                >
-                                                    View <Megaphone />
-                                                </Button>
-                                            </div>
                                         </div>
                                     </div>
                                 )}
diff --git a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Hero.jsx b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Hero.jsx
index f5bf958..7dee7c4 100644
--- a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Hero.jsx
+++ b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Hero.jsx
@@ -25,12 +25,14 @@ function hasLandingPage(ad) {
 /**
  * Hero advertisement carousel.
  * Each slide is a full-bleed background image with a bottom gradient overlay,
- * badge/headline/description/CTAs anchored bottom-left. Renders null when no
- * ads are given — callers should not fall back to placeholder copy.
+ * badge/headline/description/CTAs anchored bottom-left. The whole slide is
+ * clickable through to the ad's redirect_link/landing page whenever it has no
+ * CTA buttons of its own. Renders null when no ads are given — callers should
+ * not fall back to placeholder copy.
  *
  * Props:
- *   ads        — array of advertisement objects { badge_labels, headline, description, ctas, image, image_url, advertisement_id }
- *   onCtaClick — (ad, cta) => void, called when any CTA button is clicked
+ *   ads        — array of advertisement objects { badge_labels, headline, description, ctas, redirect_link, image, image_url, advertisement_id }
+ *   onCtaClick — (ad, cta) => void. cta is undefined for the whole-slide click.
  */
 export function Hero({ ads, onCtaClick }) {
     const [api, setApi] = useState();
@@ -62,10 +64,22 @@ export function Hero({ ads, onCtaClick }) {
                         const ctas = Array.isArray(ad.ctas) ? ad.ctas : [];
                         const badgeLabels = Array.isArray(ad.badge_labels) ? ad.badge_labels : [];
 
+                        // Whole-slide click-through only makes sense when there's no CTA
+                        // row of its own to carry that responsibility instead — a landing
+                        // page (Page Builder content) always wins over the plain redirect.
+                        const clickable = ctas.length === 0 && (hasLandingPage(ad) || ad.redirect_link);
+                        const handleSlideClick = () => (hasLandingPage(ad) ? setViewAd(ad) : onCtaClick?.(ad, undefined));
+
                         return (
                             <CarouselItem key={ad.advertisement_id}>
                                 <Card className="border rounded-2xl overflow-hidden pl-0 py-0">
-                                    <CardContent className="relative xs:h-64 lg:h-96 bg-muted flex items-center justify-center">
+                                    <CardContent
+                                        role={clickable ? "button" : undefined}
+                                        tabIndex={clickable ? 0 : undefined}
+                                        onClick={clickable ? handleSlideClick : undefined}
+                                        onKeyDown={clickable ? (e) => { if (e.key === "Enter" || e.key === " ") handleSlideClick(); } : undefined}
+                                        className={"relative xs:h-64 lg:h-96 bg-muted flex items-center justify-center" + (clickable ? " cursor-pointer" : "")}
+                                    >
                                         {imageSrc ? (
                                             <img
                                                 src={imageSrc}
diff --git a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/AudioBlock.jsx b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/AudioBlock.jsx
index 24a7411..be628fb 100644
--- a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/AudioBlock.jsx
+++ b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/AudioBlock.jsx
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ export function AudioBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
                         }}
                     />
                 ) : (
-                    <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-muted" />
+                    <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-primary" />
                 )}
 
                 {/* Mobile */}
@@ -334,7 +334,15 @@ export function AudioBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
                         <button onClick={toggleMute} aria-label={muted ? "Unmute" : "Mute"} className="w-7 h-7 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full text-foreground hover:bg-muted transition-colors">
                             {muted || volume === 0 ? <VolumeOff className="size-4" /> : <Volume2 className="size-4" />}
                         </button>
-                        <input type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.05" value={muted ? 0 : volume} onChange={handleVolume} aria-label="Volume" className="w-16 h-1.5" />
+                        <input
+                            type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.05"
+                            value={muted ? 0 : volume}
+                            onChange={handleVolume}
+                            aria-label="Volume"
+                            className="w-16 h-1.5 accent-primary cursor-pointer
+                                [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:appearance-none [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:size-3 [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:rounded-full [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:bg-primary [&::-webkit-slider-thumb]:cursor-pointer
+                                [&::-moz-range-thumb]:appearance-none [&::-moz-range-thumb]:size-3 [&::-moz-range-thumb]:rounded-full [&::-moz-range-thumb]:bg-primary [&::-moz-range-thumb]:border-0 [&::-moz-range-thumb]:cursor-pointer"
+                        />
                     </div>
 
                     {/* Center — play controls */}
diff --git a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/VideoBlock.jsx b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/VideoBlock.jsx
index 5fc11e8..db37236 100644
--- a/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/VideoBlock.jsx
+++ b/src/components/generic/Blocks/Client/VideoBlock.jsx
@@ -177,7 +177,13 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
     const [ended,           setEnded]           = useState(false);
     const [overlayVisible,  setOverlayVisible]  = useState(true);
     const [controlsVisible, setControlsVisible] = useState(true);
-    const [isFullscreen,    setIsFullscreen]    = useState(false);
+    // Native Fullscreen API works on desktop (all browsers) and Android Chrome.
+    // iOS Safari doesn't support Fullscreen API on arbitrary elements at all, so
+    // pseudoFullscreen is a CSS-only (fixed inset-0) fallback that keeps our
+    // custom controls instead of falling back to native <video> fullscreen.
+    const [nativeFullscreen, setNativeFullscreen] = useState(false);
+    const [pseudoFullscreen, setPseudoFullscreen] = useState(false);
+    const isFullscreen = nativeFullscreen || pseudoFullscreen;
     const [settingsOpen,    setSettingsOpen]    = useState(false);
     const [volumePanelOpen, setVolumePanelOpen] = useState(false);
     const [keyFeedback,     setKeyFeedback]     = useState(null);
@@ -343,11 +349,34 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
     }, [speed]);
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        const onChange = () => setIsFullscreen(!!document.fullscreenElement);
+        // Safari (incl. desktop) still fires the prefixed webkitfullscreenchange
+        // event for element-level fullscreen, so both are listened for.
+        const onChange = () => {
+            const active = !!(document.fullscreenElement || document.webkitFullscreenElement);
+            setNativeFullscreen(active);
+            // Safari doesn't focus a <div tabIndex> on click, so keyboard
+            // shortcuts silently stop working after entering fullscreen unless
+            // we explicitly refocus the wrapper here.
+            if (active) wrapRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+        };
         document.addEventListener("fullscreenchange", onChange);
-        return () => document.removeEventListener("fullscreenchange", onChange);
+        document.addEventListener("webkitfullscreenchange", onChange);
+        return () => {
+            document.removeEventListener("fullscreenchange", onChange);
+            document.removeEventListener("webkitfullscreenchange", onChange);
+        };
     }, []);
 
+    // CSS pseudo-fullscreen fallback (iOS Safari) — lock page scroll and
+    // reclaim keyboard focus while it's active, restore on exit/unmount.
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!pseudoFullscreen) return;
+        const prevOverflow = document.body.style.overflow;
+        document.body.style.overflow = "hidden";
+        wrapRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+        return () => { document.body.style.overflow = prevOverflow; };
+    }, [pseudoFullscreen]);
+
     const resetHideTimer = useCallback(() => {
         setControlsVisible(true);
         clearTimeout(hideTimer.current);
@@ -377,6 +406,19 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
         else          { v.pause(); setPlaying(false); setOverlayVisible(true); }
     }, []);
 
+    // YouTube-style tap-to-reveal: while playing with the bar auto-hidden, the
+    // first tap only brings the controls back (doesn't pause); a second tap —
+    // once controls are already visible — toggles play, same as desktop where
+    // onMouseMove already keeps controls visible ahead of the click.
+    const handleWrapperClick = useCallback(() => {
+        // Safari doesn't focus a <div tabIndex> on click, which silently kills
+        // keyboard shortcuts afterwards — force it explicitly.
+        wrapRef.current?.focus({ preventScroll: true });
+        if (!controlsVisible) { resetHideTimer(); return; }
+        togglePlay();
+        resetHideTimer();
+    }, [controlsVisible, resetHideTimer, togglePlay]);
+
     const restart = () => {
         const v = vidRef.current;
         if (!v) return;
@@ -409,13 +451,27 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
     const toggleFullscreen = () => {
         const el = wrapRef.current;
         if (!el) return;
-        if (document.fullscreenElement) document.exitFullscreen();
-        else el.requestFullscreen?.();
+        if (isFullscreen) {
+            if (document.fullscreenElement) document.exitFullscreen();
+            else if (document.webkitFullscreenElement) document.webkitExitFullscreen();
+            else setPseudoFullscreen(false);
+        } else if (el.requestFullscreen) {
+            el.requestFullscreen();
+        } else if (el.webkitRequestFullscreen) {
+            // Desktop Safari — supports element fullscreen via the prefixed API.
+            el.webkitRequestFullscreen();
+        } else {
+            // iOS Safari has no element-level Fullscreen API at all.
+            setPseudoFullscreen(true);
+        }
     };
 
     const handleKeyDown = useCallback((e) => {
         if (e.target.tagName === "INPUT") return;
-        switch (e.key) {
+        // Fold single-char keys to lowercase so Shift/Caps-Lock doesn't break
+        // letter shortcuts (e.g. Shift+F reporting as "F", not "f").
+        const key = e.key.length === 1 ? e.key.toLowerCase() : e.key;
+        switch (key) {
             case " ": case "k":
                 e.preventDefault();
                 togglePlay();
@@ -460,6 +516,13 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
                 toggleFullscreen();
                 showFeedback(isFullscreen ? <Minimize2 className="size-7 text-white" /> : <Maximize2 className="size-7 text-white" />, isFullscreen ? "Exit fullscreen" : "Fullscreen");
                 break;
+            case "Escape":
+                if (isFullscreen) {
+                    e.preventDefault();
+                    toggleFullscreen();
+                    showFeedback(<Minimize2 className="size-7 text-white" />, "Exit fullscreen");
+                }
+                break;
             default: break;
         }
     }, [togglePlay, toggleMute, toggleFullscreen, resetHideTimer, volume, muted, isFullscreen, playing, showFeedback, guard]);
@@ -492,11 +555,11 @@ export function VideoBlock({ content, onWatchProgress, resumePercent, antiSkipEn
             <div
                 ref={wrapRef}
                 tabIndex={0}
-                className="relative w-full rounded-lg overflow-hidden bg-black select-none outline-none"
+                className={`relative w-full overflow-hidden bg-black select-none outline-none ${pseudoFullscreen ? "fixed inset-0 z-[100]" : "rounded-lg"}`}
                 style={{ aspectRatio: isFullscreen ? undefined : "16/9" }}
                 onMouseMove={resetHideTimer}
                 onMouseLeave={() => { if (playing) setControlsVisible(false); }}
-                onClick={() => { togglePlay(); resetHideTimer(); }}
+                onClick={handleWrapperClick}
                 onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
                 onContextMenu={(e) => e.preventDefault()}
             >
diff --git a/src/contexts/AdminTiersContext.jsx b/src/contexts/AdminTiersContext.jsx
index eda4fa7..7ce7c13 100644
--- a/src/contexts/AdminTiersContext.jsx
+++ b/src/contexts/AdminTiersContext.jsx
@@ -70,11 +70,13 @@ export function AdminTiersProvider({ children }) {
     } finally { setLoading(false); }
   }, []);
 
+  // Archiving always force-revokes current subscribers' access (no refund) —
+  // handled entirely server-side, not an opt-in from here.
   const deletePlan = useCallback(async (id) => {
     setLoading(true);
     try {
       await api.delete(`/admin/tiers/${id}`);
-      toast("Plan archived.");
+      toast("Plan archived. Subscriber access has been revoked.");
       return true;
     } catch (err) {
       toast(err?.response?.data?.message ?? "Could not archive plan.");
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ export function AdminTiersProvider({ children }) {
     setLoading(true);
     try {
       await api.post("/admin/tiers/bulk/archive", { ids });
-      toast("Plans archived.");
+      toast("Plans archived. Subscriber access has been revoked.");
       return true;
     } catch (err) {
       toast(err?.response?.data?.message ?? "Could not archive plans.");
@@ -142,13 +144,16 @@ export function AdminTiersProvider({ children }) {
     } finally { setLoading(false); }
   }, []);
 
+  // Permanently deleting an archived plan now also auto-revokes any remaining
+  // active subscribers (no refund) and deletes payment records — both are
+  // automatic consequences of the delete action, not separate opt-ins.
   const fetchPlanPermanentDeleteImpact = useCallback(async (id) => {
     try {
       const { data } = await api.get(`/admin/tiers/${id}/permanent-delete-impact`);
       const { active_subscriber_count, payment_count } = data?.data ?? {};
       return [
-        { label: "active subscriber(s)", count: active_subscriber_count ?? 0 },
-        { label: "payment record(s) on file — deletion will be blocked while these exist", count: payment_count ?? 0 },
+        { label: "active subscriber(s) — access will be revoked, no refund", count: active_subscriber_count ?? 0 },
+        { label: "payment record(s) on file — will be permanently deleted along with the plan", count: payment_count ?? 0 },
       ];
     } catch {
       return [];
diff --git a/src/data/advertisement.data.js b/src/data/advertisement.data.js
index 8b2183c..7e300a4 100644
--- a/src/data/advertisement.data.js
+++ b/src/data/advertisement.data.js
@@ -15,14 +15,6 @@ export const ADVERTISEMENT_TYPE_MAP = Object.fromEntries(
     ADVERTISEMENT_TYPES.map((t) => [t.value, t])
 );
 
-// ─── Content modes ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-// Whether an ad is image-only or carries badge/headline/description/CTAs
-// alongside the image — an explicit admin choice, decoupled from placement/format.
-export const CONTENT_MODES = [
-    { value: "image",   label: "Image Only" },
-    { value: "content", label: "Text with Image" },
-];
-
 // ─── Statuses ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 // Drives: filter dropdown options, status badge color/label on each card.
 
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/AccessRuleItemPicker.jsx b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/AccessRuleItemPicker.jsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 64afec3..0000000
--- a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/AccessRuleItemPicker.jsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-// AccessRuleItemPicker — simple multi-select of specific courses/units/lessons
-// at a chosen subscription level, for the "item_allowlist" access rule type.
-//
-// Deliberately NOT CoursePicker/UnitPicker/LessonPicker — those are tightly
-// coupled to the Bundles feature's plan-ownership-conflict logic ("this course
-// is already bundled into another plan"), which doesn't apply here. This is
-// just "pick some items", reusing the same Popover+Command+Checkbox+ScrollArea
-// primitives those pickers use.
-
-import { useState, useEffect, useMemo } from "react";
-import { ChevronsUpDown, BookOpen } from "lucide-react";
-import { toast } from "sonner";
-import api from "@/utils/api.util";
-import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
-import { Checkbox } from "@/components/ui/checkbox";
-import { ScrollArea } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
-import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from "@/components/ui/popover";
-import { Command, CommandInput, CommandEmpty, CommandList, CommandItem } from "@/components/ui/command";
-import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
-import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
-
-const MAX_ITEMS = 3;
-
-const ITEM_TYPE_CONFIG = {
-  course: { endpoint: "/admin/courses/by-subscription", idField: "course_id", nounSingular: "course", nounPlural: "courses" },
-  unit:   { endpoint: "/admin/units/by-subscription",   idField: "unit_id",   nounSingular: "unit",   nounPlural: "units" },
-  lesson: { endpoint: "/admin/lessons/by-subscription", idField: "lesson_id", nounSingular: "lesson", nounPlural: "lessons" },
-};
-
-/**
- * Props:
- *   itemType         — 'course' | 'unit' | 'lesson'
- *   subscriptionSlug — tier slug to browse (e.g. "exclusive"). Null = picker hidden.
- *   selectedIds       — string[] of currently-selected item ids
- *   onChange          — (string[]) => void
- */
-export function AccessRuleItemPicker({ itemType, subscriptionSlug, selectedIds, onChange }) {
-  const config = ITEM_TYPE_CONFIG[itemType];
-  const [items, setItems] = useState([]);
-  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
-  const [popoverOpen, setPopoverOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [search, setSearch] = useState("");
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!subscriptionSlug) { setItems([]); return; }
-    setLoading(true);
-    setSearch("");
-    api.get(`${config.endpoint}?slug=${encodeURIComponent(subscriptionSlug)}`)
-      .then(({ data }) => setItems(data.data ?? []))
-      .catch(() => setItems([]))
-      .finally(() => setLoading(false));
-  }, [itemType, subscriptionSlug]); // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-
-  const filtered = useMemo(() => {
-    const q = search.toLowerCase();
-    if (!q) return items;
-    return items.filter((it) => it.title?.toLowerCase().includes(q));
-  }, [items, search]);
-
-  const toggle = (id) => {
-    const set = new Set(selectedIds);
-    if (set.has(id)) {
-      set.delete(id);
-    } else {
-      if (set.size >= MAX_ITEMS) {
-        toast(`You can select at most ${MAX_ITEMS} ${config.nounPlural}.`);
-        return;
-      }
-      set.add(id);
-    }
-    onChange([...set]);
-  };
-
-  const total = items.length;
-  const selectedCount = selectedIds.length;
-
-  if (!subscriptionSlug) return null;
-
-  if (loading) {
-    return <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full" />;
-  }
-
-  if (total === 0) {
-    return (
-      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-        <BookOpen className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
-        No {config.nounPlural} found at this subscription level.
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
-  const atCap = selectedCount >= MAX_ITEMS;
-
-  return (
-    <div className="space-y-1.5">
-    <Popover open={popoverOpen} onOpenChange={setPopoverOpen}>
-      <PopoverTrigger asChild>
-        <Button
-          type="button"
-          variant="outline"
-          size="sm"
-          className={cn("w-full justify-between gap-2", selectedCount === 0 && "text-muted-foreground")}
-        >
-          {selectedCount === 0
-            ? `Select ${config.nounPlural}… (max ${MAX_ITEMS})`
-            : `${selectedCount} of ${MAX_ITEMS} max selected`}
-          <ChevronsUpDown className="size-4 opacity-50 shrink-0" />
-        </Button>
-      </PopoverTrigger>
-
-      <PopoverContent className="w-[var(--radix-popover-trigger-width)] p-0" align="start">
-        <Command shouldFilter={false}>
-          <CommandInput placeholder={`Search ${config.nounPlural}…`} value={search} onValueChange={setSearch} />
-          <CommandList>
-            {filtered.length === 0 ? (
-              <CommandEmpty>No {config.nounPlural} match your search.</CommandEmpty>
-            ) : (
-              <ScrollArea className="h-64">
-                {filtered.map((item) => {
-                  const id = String(item[config.idField]);
-                  const checked = selectedIds.includes(id);
-                  const disabled = !checked && atCap;
-                  return (
-                    <CommandItem
-                      key={id}
-                      value={id}
-                      onSelect={() => toggle(id)}
-                      disabled={disabled}
-                      className={cn("flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2.5 cursor-pointer", disabled && "opacity-50")}
-                    >
-                      <Checkbox
-                        checked={checked}
-                        disabled={disabled}
-                        onCheckedChange={() => toggle(id)}
-                        className="shrink-0"
-                        onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
-                      />
-                      <span className="text-sm font-medium leading-snug line-clamp-1">{item.title}</span>
-                    </CommandItem>
-                  );
-                })}
-              </ScrollArea>
-            )}
-          </CommandList>
-        </Command>
-      </PopoverContent>
-    </Popover>
-    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-      {atCap ? `Maximum of ${MAX_ITEMS} reached.` : `Choose up to ${MAX_ITEMS} ${config.nounPlural}.`}
-    </p>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/ArchivedTierPlansTable.jsx b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/ArchivedTierPlansTable.jsx
index c77a5a7..7476fdd 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/ArchivedTierPlansTable.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/ArchivedTierPlansTable.jsx
@@ -160,7 +160,9 @@ export default function ArchivedTierPlansTable() {
         onSuccess={handleRestoreSuccess}
       />
 
-      {/* Single permanent delete */}
+      {/* Single permanent delete — also auto-revokes any remaining active
+          subscribers (no refund) and deletes payment records, both handled
+          server-side as part of the delete itself. */}
       <PermanentDeleteDialog
         open={!!deleteTarget}
         onOpenChange={(v) => !v && setDeleteTarget(null)}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/BundlesCell.jsx b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/BundlesCell.jsx
index 0089dec..e4a73a7 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/BundlesCell.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/BundlesCell.jsx
@@ -1,154 +1,27 @@
-// BundlesCell — Tier Plans table cell showing course/unit/lesson totals for a
-// plan, with a "View" trigger that lazy-loads and lists everything included.
+// BundlesCell — Tier Plans table cell showing the bundled content count for a
+// plan. A bundle is single-type (Tier Plans v2), so only one of
+// courseCount/unitCount/lessonCount is ever non-zero — show that one.
 
-import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
-import { BookOpen, Book, BookOpenCheck, Eye, FileText } from "lucide-react";
-
-import api from "@/utils/api.util";
+import { BookOpen, Book, BookOpenCheck } from "lucide-react";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
-import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
-import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
-import { ScrollArea } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
-import {
-  Dialog, DialogContent, DialogHeader, DialogTitle, DialogDescription,
-} from "@/components/ui/dialog";
 
-function CountBadge({ icon: Icon, count, singular, plural }) {
+const BUNDLE_KINDS = [
+  { key: "courseCount", icon: BookOpen,      singular: "course", plural: "courses" },
+  { key: "unitCount",   icon: Book,          singular: "unit",   plural: "units" },
+  { key: "lessonCount", icon: BookOpenCheck, singular: "lesson", plural: "lessons" },
+];
+
+export default function BundlesCell({ plan }) {
+  const active = BUNDLE_KINDS.find((k) => parseInt(plan[k.key] ?? 0, 10) > 0) ?? BUNDLE_KINDS[0];
+  const count = parseInt(plan[active.key] ?? 0, 10);
+  const Icon = active.icon;
+
   return (
     <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5">
       <Icon className="h-3.5 w-3.5 text-muted-foreground" />
       <Badge variant="secondary" className="text-xs font-medium tabular-nums">
-        {count} {count === 1 ? singular : plural}
+        {count} {count === 1 ? active.singular : active.plural}
       </Badge>
     </div>
   );
 }
-
-function BundleSection({ icon: Icon, title, loading, items, emptyLabel, renderItem, keyField }) {
-  return (
-    <div className="space-y-2">
-      <p className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wide">
-        {title} ({items.length})
-      </p>
-      {loading ? (
-        <div className="space-y-2">
-          {[...Array(2)].map((_, i) => <Skeleton key={i} className="h-9 w-full" />)}
-        </div>
-      ) : items.length === 0 ? (
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          <Icon className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
-          {emptyLabel}
-        </div>
-      ) : (
-        <div className="divide-y rounded-lg border overflow-hidden">
-          {items.map((item) => (
-            <div key={item[keyField]} className="flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-2 bg-card">
-              <div className="h-7 w-7 rounded-md bg-muted flex items-center justify-center shrink-0">
-                <Icon className="size-3.5 text-muted-foreground" />
-              </div>
-              {renderItem(item)}
-            </div>
-          ))}
-        </div>
-      )}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
-export default function BundlesCell({ plan }) {
-  const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
-  const [courses, setCourses] = useState([]);
-  const [units, setUnits] = useState([]);
-  const [lessons, setLessons] = useState([]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!open) return;
-    setLoading(true);
-    Promise.all([
-      api.get(`/admin/tiers/${plan.plan_id}/courses`).then(({ data }) => setCourses(data.data ?? [])).catch(() => setCourses([])),
-      api.get(`/admin/tiers/${plan.plan_id}/units`).then(({ data }) => setUnits(data.data ?? [])).catch(() => setUnits([])),
-      api.get(`/admin/tiers/${plan.plan_id}/lessons`).then(({ data }) => setLessons(data.data ?? [])).catch(() => setLessons([])),
-    ]).finally(() => setLoading(false));
-  }, [open, plan.plan_id]);
-
-  const courseCount = parseInt(plan.courseCount ?? 0, 10);
-  const unitCount = parseInt(plan.unitCount ?? 0, 10);
-  const lessonCount = parseInt(plan.lessonCount ?? 0, 10);
-
-  return (
-    <>
-      <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
-        <CountBadge icon={BookOpen} count={courseCount} singular="course" plural="courses" />
-        <CountBadge icon={Book} count={unitCount} singular="unit" plural="units" />
-        <CountBadge icon={BookOpenCheck} count={lessonCount} singular="lesson" plural="lessons" />
-        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={() => setOpen(true)}>
-          <Eye className="size-3.5" /> View
-        </Button>
-      </div>
-
-      <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={setOpen}>
-        <DialogContent className="sm:max-w-lg">
-          <DialogHeader>
-            <DialogTitle>Bundled Content — {plan.label}</DialogTitle>
-            <DialogDescription>
-              Everything this plan unlocks for subscribers.
-            </DialogDescription>
-          </DialogHeader>
-
-          <ScrollArea className="h-96 pr-3">
-            <div className="space-y-5">
-              <BundleSection
-                icon={BookOpen}
-                title="Courses"
-                loading={loading}
-                items={courses}
-                emptyLabel="No courses assigned to this plan yet."
-                keyField="course_id"
-                renderItem={(course) => (
-                  <div className="min-w-0">
-                    <p className="text-sm font-medium line-clamp-1">{course.title}</p>
-                    {(course.course_code || course.level) && (
-                      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-0.5">
-                        {course.course_code && (
-                          <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{course.course_code}</span>
-                        )}
-                        {course.level && (
-                          <Badge variant="outline" className="text-xs capitalize h-4 px-1.5">{course.level}</Badge>
-                        )}
-                      </div>
-                    )}
-                  </div>
-                )}
-              />
-
-              <BundleSection
-                icon={Book}
-                title="Units"
-                loading={loading}
-                items={units}
-                emptyLabel="No units assigned to this plan yet."
-                keyField="unit_id"
-                renderItem={(unit) => (
-                  <p className="text-sm font-medium line-clamp-1">{unit.title}</p>
-                )}
-              />
-
-              <BundleSection
-                icon={FileText}
-                title="Lessons"
-                loading={loading}
-                items={lessons}
-                emptyLabel="No lessons assigned to this plan yet."
-                keyField="lesson_id"
-                renderItem={(lesson) => (
-                  <p className="text-sm font-medium line-clamp-1">{lesson.title}</p>
-                )}
-              />
-            </div>
-          </ScrollArea>
-        </DialogContent>
-      </Dialog>
-    </>
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/CoursePicker.jsx b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/CoursePicker.jsx
index fb80bc8..21e07c9 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/CoursePicker.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/CoursePicker.jsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useState, useEffect, useMemo } from "react";
-import { ChevronsUpDown, Check, BookOpen, AlertTriangle } from "lucide-react";
+import { ChevronsUpDown, BookOpen } from "lucide-react";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
 import { Button }    from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Checkbox }  from "@/components/ui/checkbox";
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import { ScrollArea } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
 import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from "@/components/ui/popover";
 import { Command, CommandInput, CommandEmpty, CommandList, CommandItem } from "@/components/ui/command";
 import { Skeleton }  from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
-import { cn }        from "@/lib/utils";
 
 /**
  * CoursePicker
@@ -16,60 +15,30 @@ import { cn }        from "@/lib/utils";
  *   subscription  — tier slug ("premium"). Null/undefined = hidden.
  *   selectedIds   — Set<string> of selected course_id strings (managed by parent)
  *   onChange      — (Set<string>) => void
- *   isPreloaded   — true in EditPlan (CoursePicker only mounts AFTER existing
- *                   assignments are already in selectedIds, so no race condition).
- *                   false in AddPlan (always bundle all on first load).
- *   currentPlanId — plan being edited (undefined in AddPlan). A course already
- *                   assigned to a DIFFERENT plan is flagged as a conflict, since
- *                   plan_courses.course_id is UNIQUE — a course belongs to at
- *                   most one plan, and reassigning it here silently steals it
- *                   away from that plan on save.
- *   onConflictsChange — (count: number) => void. Called whenever the number of
- *                   currently-SELECTED courses that conflict with another plan
- *                   changes, so the parent can block submission until resolved.
  *
- * Flow:
- *   • Shows "Bundle all?" question with two buttons.
- *   • "Yes, include all" → selects every course in the tier, hides picker.
- *   • "No, choose specific" → opens a Popover with Command+Search+Checkboxes.
- *   • Selected courses already owned by another plan are called out, and the
- *     parent is expected to disable submission until they're unchecked.
+ * A course may already belong to any number of other plans — that's allowed
+ * (Tier Plans v2, silent duplication across bundles is intentional), so
+ * there's no conflict state to surface or resolve here.
+ *
+ * AddPlan starts with no courses selected; the admin picks specific ones
+ * directly in the dropdown. EditPlan preserves whatever was already assigned.
  */
-export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded = false, currentPlanId, onConflictsChange }) {
+export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange }) {
     const [courses,      setCourses]      = useState([]);
     const [loading,      setLoading]      = useState(false);
-    const [bundleAll,    setBundleAll]    = useState(true);
     const [popoverOpen,  setPopoverOpen]  = useState(false);
     const [search,       setSearch]       = useState("");
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        if (!subscription) { setCourses([]); setBundleAll(true); return; }
+        if (!subscription) { setCourses([]); return; }
         setLoading(true);
         setSearch("");
-        setBundleAll(true); // reset question to "Yes" whenever subscription changes
 
         api.get(`/admin/courses/by-subscription?slug=${encodeURIComponent(subscription)}`)
             .then(({ data }) => {
                 const loaded = data.data ?? [];
                 setCourses(loaded);
-
-                if (!isPreloaded) {
-                    // AddPlan: bundle all by default
-                    setBundleAll(true);
-                    onChange(new Set(loaded.map((c) => String(c.course_id))));
-                } else {
-                    // EditPlan: CoursePicker mounts only after assignments loaded into selectedIds.
-                    // Detect initial mode from current selectedIds vs total courses.
-                    const size = selectedIds.size;
-                    if (size > 0 && size < loaded.length) {
-                        // Partial selection saved previously → specific mode
-                        setBundleAll(false);
-                    } else {
-                        // All selected, or none (no courses assigned yet) → bundle all
-                        setBundleAll(true);
-                        onChange(new Set(loaded.map((c) => String(c.course_id))));
-                    }
-                }
+                // AddPlan starts with none selected; EditPlan keeps its existing selection as-is.
             })
             .catch(() => setCourses([]))
             .finally(() => setLoading(false));
@@ -85,29 +54,6 @@ export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
         );
     }, [courses, search]);
 
-    // Courses already owned by a DIFFERENT plan — selecting them here will move them.
-    const isConflict = (course) =>
-        course.assigned_plan && String(course.assigned_plan.plan_id) !== String(currentPlanId ?? "");
-
-    // Only courses actually SELECTED matter — unchecking a conflicting course clears it.
-    const conflicts = useMemo(
-        () => courses.filter((c) => isConflict(c) && selectedIds.has(String(c.course_id))),
-        [courses, currentPlanId, selectedIds] // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-    );
-
-    const conflictsByPlan = useMemo(() => {
-        const map = new Map();
-        conflicts.forEach((c) => {
-            const label = c.assigned_plan.label;
-            map.set(label, (map.get(label) ?? 0) + 1);
-        });
-        return [...map.entries()];
-    }, [conflicts]);
-
-    useEffect(() => {
-        onConflictsChange?.(conflicts.length);
-    }, [conflicts.length]); // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-
     const toggle = (id) => {
         const next = new Set(selectedIds);
         if (next.has(id)) next.delete(id);
@@ -118,18 +64,6 @@ export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
     const checkAll = () => onChange(new Set(courses.map((c) => String(c.course_id))));
     const resetAll = () => onChange(new Set());
 
-    // "Yes, include all" clicked
-    const handleBundleAll = () => {
-        setBundleAll(true);
-        setPopoverOpen(false);
-        onChange(new Set(courses.map((c) => String(c.course_id))));
-    };
-
-    // "No, choose specific" clicked — keeps current selection (all) so admin can uncheck specific ones
-    const handleSelectSpecific = () => {
-        setBundleAll(false);
-    };
-
     const total         = courses.length;
     const selectedCount = selectedIds.size;
 
@@ -138,78 +72,16 @@ export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
     return (
         <div className="space-y-4">
 
-            {/* ── Bundle question ──────────────────────────────────────────── */}
             {loading ? (
                 <div className="flex gap-2">
-                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-36" />
-                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-40" />
+                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full" />
                 </div>
-            ) : (
-                <div className="space-y-2.5">
-                    <p className="text-sm">
-                        Bundle <span className="font-semibold capitalize">{subscription}</span> courses with this plan?
-                    </p>
-                    <div className="flex gap-2">
-                        <Button
-                            type="button"
-                            size="sm"
-                            variant={bundleAll ? "default" : "outline"}
-                            onClick={handleBundleAll}
-                            disabled={total === 0}
-                        >
-                            <Check className="size-3.5 mr-1.5" />
-                            Yes, include all
-                        </Button>
-                        <Button
-                            type="button"
-                            size="sm"
-                            variant={!bundleAll ? "default" : "outline"}
-                            onClick={handleSelectSpecific}
-                            disabled={total === 0}
-                        >
-                            No, choose specific
-                        </Button>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Bundle all summary ───────────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && bundleAll && total > 0 && (
-                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    All {total} <span className="capitalize">{subscription}</span> course{total !== 1 ? "s" : ""} will be included.
-                </p>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Already-assigned-elsewhere warning ──────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && conflicts.length > 0 && (
-                <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg border border-amber-300 bg-amber-50 dark:bg-amber-950/30 dark:border-amber-800 p-3 text-xs text-amber-800 dark:text-amber-300">
-                    <AlertTriangle className="size-4 shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
-                    <div className="space-y-1">
-                        <p className="font-medium">
-                            {conflicts.length} course{conflicts.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} already belong{conflicts.length === 1 ? "s" : ""} to another plan.
-                        </p>
-                        <p>
-                            A course can only belong to one plan at a time. Assigning {conflicts.length === 1 ? "it" : "them"} here will move {conflicts.length === 1 ? "it" : "them"} out of{" "}
-                            {conflictsByPlan.map(([label, count], i) => (
-                                <span key={label}>
-                                    <span className="font-medium">{label}</span> ({count}){i < conflictsByPlan.length - 1 ? ", " : ""}
-                                </span>
-                            ))}. Uncheck them below if that's not what you want.
-                        </p>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── No courses in tier ───────────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && total === 0 && (
+            ) : total === 0 ? (
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
                     <BookOpen className="size-4 shrink-0" />
                     No <span className="capitalize mx-1 font-medium">{subscription}</span> courses found. Add courses with this subscription first.
                 </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Specific picker (Popover) ─────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && !bundleAll && total > 0 && (
+            ) : (
                 <div className="space-y-1.5">
                     <Popover open={popoverOpen} onOpenChange={setPopoverOpen}>
                         <PopoverTrigger asChild>
@@ -217,10 +89,7 @@ export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                                 type="button"
                                 variant="outline"
                                 size="sm"
-                                className={cn(
-                                    "w-full justify-between gap-2",
-                                    selectedCount === 0 && "border-destructive text-destructive hover:border-destructive"
-                                )}
+                                className="w-full justify-between gap-2"
                             >
                                 {selectedCount === 0
                                     ? "No courses selected"
@@ -245,7 +114,6 @@ export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                                             {filtered.map((course) => {
                                                 const id       = String(course.course_id);
                                                 const checked  = selectedIds.has(id);
-                                                const conflict = isConflict(course);
                                                 return (
                                                     <CommandItem
                                                         key={id}
@@ -266,12 +134,6 @@ export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                                                                     {course.description}
                                                                 </span>
                                                             )}
-                                                            {conflict && (
-                                                                <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] font-medium text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400 bg-amber-50 dark:bg-amber-950/40 border border-amber-200 dark:border-amber-800 rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 w-fit mt-0.5">
-                                                                    <AlertTriangle className="size-3" />
-                                                                    In "{course.assigned_plan.label}"
-                                                                </span>
-                                                            )}
                                                         </div>
                                                     </CommandItem>
                                                 );
@@ -300,8 +162,7 @@ export function CoursePicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                     </Popover>
 
                     {selectedCount === 0 && (
-                        <p className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-destructive">
-                            <AlertTriangle className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                             Select at least one course to bundle with this plan.
                         </p>
                     )}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/LessonPicker.jsx b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/LessonPicker.jsx
index 31ff244..c2cadd5 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/LessonPicker.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/LessonPicker.jsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useState, useEffect, useMemo } from "react";
-import { ChevronsUpDown, Check, FileText, AlertTriangle } from "lucide-react";
+import { ChevronsUpDown, FileText } from "lucide-react";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
 import { Button }    from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Checkbox }  from "@/components/ui/checkbox";
@@ -7,51 +7,36 @@ import { ScrollArea } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
 import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from "@/components/ui/popover";
 import { Command, CommandInput, CommandEmpty, CommandList, CommandItem } from "@/components/ui/command";
 import { Skeleton }  from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
-import { cn }        from "@/lib/utils";
 
 /**
  * LessonPicker — mirrors CoursePicker.jsx exactly, for bundling standalone
  * Lessons (their own `subscription` field) into a tier plan.
  *
- * Props: same contract as CoursePicker (subscription, selectedIds, onChange,
- * isPreloaded, currentPlanId, onConflictsChange) — see CoursePicker.jsx for
- * the full doc comment, not repeated here.
+ * Props: same contract as CoursePicker (subscription, selectedIds, onChange)
+ * — see CoursePicker.jsx for the full doc comment, not repeated here.
+ * A lesson may already belong to any number of other plans — that's
+ * allowed (Tier Plans v2, silent duplication across bundles is intentional),
+ * so there's no conflict state to surface or resolve here.
+ *
+ * AddPlan starts with no lessons selected; the admin picks specific ones
+ * directly in the dropdown. EditPlan preserves whatever was already assigned.
  */
-export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded = false, currentPlanId, onConflictsChange }) {
+export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange }) {
     const [lessons,      setLessons]      = useState([]);
     const [loading,      setLoading]      = useState(false);
-    const [bundleAll,    setBundleAll]    = useState(true);
     const [popoverOpen,  setPopoverOpen]  = useState(false);
     const [search,       setSearch]       = useState("");
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        if (!subscription) { setLessons([]); setBundleAll(true); return; }
+        if (!subscription) { setLessons([]); return; }
         setLoading(true);
         setSearch("");
-        setBundleAll(true); // reset question to "Yes" whenever subscription changes
 
         api.get(`/admin/lessons/by-subscription?slug=${encodeURIComponent(subscription)}`)
             .then(({ data }) => {
                 const loaded = data.data ?? [];
                 setLessons(loaded);
-
-                if (!isPreloaded) {
-                    // AddPlan: bundle all by default
-                    setBundleAll(true);
-                    onChange(new Set(loaded.map((l) => String(l.lesson_id))));
-                } else {
-                    // EditPlan: LessonPicker mounts only after assignments loaded into selectedIds.
-                    // Detect initial mode from current selectedIds vs total lessons.
-                    const size = selectedIds.size;
-                    if (size > 0 && size < loaded.length) {
-                        // Partial selection saved previously → specific mode
-                        setBundleAll(false);
-                    } else {
-                        // All selected, or none (no lessons assigned yet) → bundle all
-                        setBundleAll(true);
-                        onChange(new Set(loaded.map((l) => String(l.lesson_id))));
-                    }
-                }
+                // AddPlan starts with none selected; EditPlan keeps its existing selection as-is.
             })
             .catch(() => setLessons([]))
             .finally(() => setLoading(false));
@@ -67,29 +52,6 @@ export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
         );
     }, [lessons, search]);
 
-    // Lessons already owned by a DIFFERENT plan — selecting them here will move them.
-    const isConflict = (lesson) =>
-        lesson.assigned_plan && String(lesson.assigned_plan.plan_id) !== String(currentPlanId ?? "");
-
-    // Only lessons actually SELECTED matter — unchecking a conflicting lesson clears it.
-    const conflicts = useMemo(
-        () => lessons.filter((l) => isConflict(l) && selectedIds.has(String(l.lesson_id))),
-        [lessons, currentPlanId, selectedIds] // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-    );
-
-    const conflictsByPlan = useMemo(() => {
-        const map = new Map();
-        conflicts.forEach((l) => {
-            const label = l.assigned_plan.label;
-            map.set(label, (map.get(label) ?? 0) + 1);
-        });
-        return [...map.entries()];
-    }, [conflicts]);
-
-    useEffect(() => {
-        onConflictsChange?.(conflicts.length);
-    }, [conflicts.length]); // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-
     const toggle = (id) => {
         const next = new Set(selectedIds);
         if (next.has(id)) next.delete(id);
@@ -100,18 +62,6 @@ export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
     const checkAll = () => onChange(new Set(lessons.map((l) => String(l.lesson_id))));
     const resetAll = () => onChange(new Set());
 
-    // "Yes, include all" clicked
-    const handleBundleAll = () => {
-        setBundleAll(true);
-        setPopoverOpen(false);
-        onChange(new Set(lessons.map((l) => String(l.lesson_id))));
-    };
-
-    // "No, choose specific" clicked — keeps current selection (all) so admin can uncheck specific ones
-    const handleSelectSpecific = () => {
-        setBundleAll(false);
-    };
-
     const total         = lessons.length;
     const selectedCount = selectedIds.size;
 
@@ -120,78 +70,16 @@ export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
     return (
         <div className="space-y-4">
 
-            {/* ── Bundle question ──────────────────────────────────────────── */}
             {loading ? (
                 <div className="flex gap-2">
-                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-36" />
-                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-40" />
+                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full" />
                 </div>
-            ) : (
-                <div className="space-y-2.5">
-                    <p className="text-sm">
-                        Bundle <span className="font-semibold capitalize">{subscription}</span> lessons with this plan?
-                    </p>
-                    <div className="flex gap-2">
-                        <Button
-                            type="button"
-                            size="sm"
-                            variant={bundleAll ? "default" : "outline"}
-                            onClick={handleBundleAll}
-                            disabled={total === 0}
-                        >
-                            <Check className="size-3.5 mr-1.5" />
-                            Yes, include all
-                        </Button>
-                        <Button
-                            type="button"
-                            size="sm"
-                            variant={!bundleAll ? "default" : "outline"}
-                            onClick={handleSelectSpecific}
-                            disabled={total === 0}
-                        >
-                            No, choose specific
-                        </Button>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Bundle all summary ───────────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && bundleAll && total > 0 && (
-                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    All {total} <span className="capitalize">{subscription}</span> lesson{total !== 1 ? "s" : ""} will be included.
-                </p>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Already-assigned-elsewhere warning ──────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && conflicts.length > 0 && (
-                <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg border border-amber-300 bg-amber-50 dark:bg-amber-950/30 dark:border-amber-800 p-3 text-xs text-amber-800 dark:text-amber-300">
-                    <AlertTriangle className="size-4 shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
-                    <div className="space-y-1">
-                        <p className="font-medium">
-                            {conflicts.length} lesson{conflicts.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} already belong{conflicts.length === 1 ? "s" : ""} to another plan.
-                        </p>
-                        <p>
-                            A lesson can only belong to one plan at a time. Assigning {conflicts.length === 1 ? "it" : "them"} here will move {conflicts.length === 1 ? "it" : "them"} out of{" "}
-                            {conflictsByPlan.map(([label, count], i) => (
-                                <span key={label}>
-                                    <span className="font-medium">{label}</span> ({count}){i < conflictsByPlan.length - 1 ? ", " : ""}
-                                </span>
-                            ))}. Uncheck them below if that's not what you want.
-                        </p>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── No lessons in tier ───────────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && total === 0 && (
+            ) : total === 0 ? (
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
                     <FileText className="size-4 shrink-0" />
                     No <span className="capitalize mx-1 font-medium">{subscription}</span> lessons found. Add lessons with this subscription first.
                 </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Specific picker (Popover) ─────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && !bundleAll && total > 0 && (
+            ) : (
                 <div className="space-y-1.5">
                     <Popover open={popoverOpen} onOpenChange={setPopoverOpen}>
                         <PopoverTrigger asChild>
@@ -199,10 +87,7 @@ export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                                 type="button"
                                 variant="outline"
                                 size="sm"
-                                className={cn(
-                                    "w-full justify-between gap-2",
-                                    selectedCount === 0 && "border-destructive text-destructive hover:border-destructive"
-                                )}
+                                className="w-full justify-between gap-2"
                             >
                                 {selectedCount === 0
                                     ? "No lessons selected"
@@ -227,7 +112,6 @@ export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                                             {filtered.map((lesson) => {
                                                 const id       = String(lesson.lesson_id);
                                                 const checked  = selectedIds.has(id);
-                                                const conflict = isConflict(lesson);
                                                 return (
                                                     <CommandItem
                                                         key={id}
@@ -248,12 +132,6 @@ export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                                                                     {lesson.description}
                                                                 </span>
                                                             )}
-                                                            {conflict && (
-                                                                <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] font-medium text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400 bg-amber-50 dark:bg-amber-950/40 border border-amber-200 dark:border-amber-800 rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 w-fit mt-0.5">
-                                                                    <AlertTriangle className="size-3" />
-                                                                    In "{lesson.assigned_plan.label}"
-                                                                </span>
-                                                            )}
                                                         </div>
                                                     </CommandItem>
                                                 );
@@ -282,8 +160,7 @@ export function LessonPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded
                     </Popover>
 
                     {selectedCount === 0 && (
-                        <p className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-destructive">
-                            <AlertTriangle className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                             Select at least one lesson to bundle with this plan.
                         </p>
                     )}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/TierPlansTable.jsx b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/TierPlansTable.jsx
index 692e078..8b6a880 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/TierPlansTable.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/TierPlansTable.jsx
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ export default function TierPlansTable() {
         emptyMessage="No tier plans found."
       />
 
-      {/* Single archive */}
+      {/* Single archive — always force-revokes current subscribers' access (no refund), handled server-side */}
       <ArchiveDialog
         open={!!archiveTarget}
         onOpenChange={(v) => !v && setArchiveTarget(null)}
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export default function TierPlansTable() {
         onSuccess={handleSuccess}
         onImpactCheck={async () => {
           const { data } = await api.get(`/admin/tiers/${archiveTarget?.plan_id}/impact`);
-          return [{ label: "active subscriber(s) on this plan", count: data.data?.active_subscriber_count ?? 0 }];
+          return [{ label: "active subscriber(s) on this plan — access will be revoked, no refund", count: data.data?.active_subscriber_count ?? 0 }];
         }}
       />
 
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/UnitPicker.jsx b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/UnitPicker.jsx
index 9e8941c..8e2c63a 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/UnitPicker.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/components/tiers/UnitPicker.jsx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { useState, useEffect, useMemo } from "react";
-import { ChevronsUpDown, Check, BookOpen, AlertTriangle } from "lucide-react";
+import { ChevronsUpDown, BookOpen } from "lucide-react";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
 import { Button }    from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Checkbox }  from "@/components/ui/checkbox";
@@ -7,51 +7,36 @@ import { ScrollArea } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
 import { Popover, PopoverContent, PopoverTrigger } from "@/components/ui/popover";
 import { Command, CommandInput, CommandEmpty, CommandList, CommandItem } from "@/components/ui/command";
 import { Skeleton }  from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
-import { cn }        from "@/lib/utils";
 
 /**
  * UnitPicker — mirrors CoursePicker.jsx exactly, for bundling standalone
  * Units (their own `subscription` field) into a tier plan.
  *
- * Props: same contract as CoursePicker (subscription, selectedIds, onChange,
- * isPreloaded, currentPlanId, onConflictsChange) — see CoursePicker.jsx for
- * the full doc comment, not repeated here.
+ * Props: same contract as CoursePicker (subscription, selectedIds, onChange)
+ * — see CoursePicker.jsx for the full doc comment, not repeated here.
+ * A unit may already belong to any number of other plans — that's
+ * allowed (Tier Plans v2, silent duplication across bundles is intentional),
+ * so there's no conflict state to surface or resolve here.
+ *
+ * AddPlan starts with no units selected; the admin picks specific ones
+ * directly in the dropdown. EditPlan preserves whatever was already assigned.
  */
-export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded = false, currentPlanId, onConflictsChange }) {
+export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange }) {
     const [units,        setUnits]        = useState([]);
     const [loading,      setLoading]      = useState(false);
-    const [bundleAll,    setBundleAll]    = useState(true);
     const [popoverOpen,  setPopoverOpen]  = useState(false);
     const [search,       setSearch]       = useState("");
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        if (!subscription) { setUnits([]); setBundleAll(true); return; }
+        if (!subscription) { setUnits([]); return; }
         setLoading(true);
         setSearch("");
-        setBundleAll(true); // reset question to "Yes" whenever subscription changes
 
         api.get(`/admin/units/by-subscription?slug=${encodeURIComponent(subscription)}`)
             .then(({ data }) => {
                 const loaded = data.data ?? [];
                 setUnits(loaded);
-
-                if (!isPreloaded) {
-                    // AddPlan: bundle all by default
-                    setBundleAll(true);
-                    onChange(new Set(loaded.map((u) => String(u.unit_id))));
-                } else {
-                    // EditPlan: UnitPicker mounts only after assignments loaded into selectedIds.
-                    // Detect initial mode from current selectedIds vs total units.
-                    const size = selectedIds.size;
-                    if (size > 0 && size < loaded.length) {
-                        // Partial selection saved previously → specific mode
-                        setBundleAll(false);
-                    } else {
-                        // All selected, or none (no units assigned yet) → bundle all
-                        setBundleAll(true);
-                        onChange(new Set(loaded.map((u) => String(u.unit_id))));
-                    }
-                }
+                // AddPlan starts with none selected; EditPlan keeps its existing selection as-is.
             })
             .catch(() => setUnits([]))
             .finally(() => setLoading(false));
@@ -67,29 +52,6 @@ export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded =
         );
     }, [units, search]);
 
-    // Units already owned by a DIFFERENT plan — selecting them here will move them.
-    const isConflict = (unit) =>
-        unit.assigned_plan && String(unit.assigned_plan.plan_id) !== String(currentPlanId ?? "");
-
-    // Only units actually SELECTED matter — unchecking a conflicting unit clears it.
-    const conflicts = useMemo(
-        () => units.filter((u) => isConflict(u) && selectedIds.has(String(u.unit_id))),
-        [units, currentPlanId, selectedIds] // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-    );
-
-    const conflictsByPlan = useMemo(() => {
-        const map = new Map();
-        conflicts.forEach((u) => {
-            const label = u.assigned_plan.label;
-            map.set(label, (map.get(label) ?? 0) + 1);
-        });
-        return [...map.entries()];
-    }, [conflicts]);
-
-    useEffect(() => {
-        onConflictsChange?.(conflicts.length);
-    }, [conflicts.length]); // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
-
     const toggle = (id) => {
         const next = new Set(selectedIds);
         if (next.has(id)) next.delete(id);
@@ -100,18 +62,6 @@ export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded =
     const checkAll = () => onChange(new Set(units.map((u) => String(u.unit_id))));
     const resetAll = () => onChange(new Set());
 
-    // "Yes, include all" clicked
-    const handleBundleAll = () => {
-        setBundleAll(true);
-        setPopoverOpen(false);
-        onChange(new Set(units.map((u) => String(u.unit_id))));
-    };
-
-    // "No, choose specific" clicked — keeps current selection (all) so admin can uncheck specific ones
-    const handleSelectSpecific = () => {
-        setBundleAll(false);
-    };
-
     const total         = units.length;
     const selectedCount = selectedIds.size;
 
@@ -120,78 +70,16 @@ export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded =
     return (
         <div className="space-y-4">
 
-            {/* ── Bundle question ──────────────────────────────────────────── */}
             {loading ? (
                 <div className="flex gap-2">
-                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-36" />
-                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-40" />
+                    <Skeleton className="h-8 w-full" />
                 </div>
-            ) : (
-                <div className="space-y-2.5">
-                    <p className="text-sm">
-                        Bundle <span className="font-semibold capitalize">{subscription}</span> units with this plan?
-                    </p>
-                    <div className="flex gap-2">
-                        <Button
-                            type="button"
-                            size="sm"
-                            variant={bundleAll ? "default" : "outline"}
-                            onClick={handleBundleAll}
-                            disabled={total === 0}
-                        >
-                            <Check className="size-3.5 mr-1.5" />
-                            Yes, include all
-                        </Button>
-                        <Button
-                            type="button"
-                            size="sm"
-                            variant={!bundleAll ? "default" : "outline"}
-                            onClick={handleSelectSpecific}
-                            disabled={total === 0}
-                        >
-                            No, choose specific
-                        </Button>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Bundle all summary ───────────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && bundleAll && total > 0 && (
-                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    All {total} <span className="capitalize">{subscription}</span> unit{total !== 1 ? "s" : ""} will be included.
-                </p>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Already-assigned-elsewhere warning ──────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && conflicts.length > 0 && (
-                <div className="flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg border border-amber-300 bg-amber-50 dark:bg-amber-950/30 dark:border-amber-800 p-3 text-xs text-amber-800 dark:text-amber-300">
-                    <AlertTriangle className="size-4 shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
-                    <div className="space-y-1">
-                        <p className="font-medium">
-                            {conflicts.length} unit{conflicts.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} already belong{conflicts.length === 1 ? "s" : ""} to another plan.
-                        </p>
-                        <p>
-                            A unit can only belong to one plan at a time. Assigning {conflicts.length === 1 ? "it" : "them"} here will move {conflicts.length === 1 ? "it" : "them"} out of{" "}
-                            {conflictsByPlan.map(([label, count], i) => (
-                                <span key={label}>
-                                    <span className="font-medium">{label}</span> ({count}){i < conflictsByPlan.length - 1 ? ", " : ""}
-                                </span>
-                            ))}. Uncheck them below if that's not what you want.
-                        </p>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── No units in tier ─────────────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && total === 0 && (
+            ) : total === 0 ? (
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
                     <BookOpen className="size-4 shrink-0" />
                     No <span className="capitalize mx-1 font-medium">{subscription}</span> units found. Add units with this subscription first.
                 </div>
-            )}
-
-            {/* ── Specific picker (Popover) ─────────────────────────────────── */}
-            {!loading && !bundleAll && total > 0 && (
+            ) : (
                 <div className="space-y-1.5">
                     <Popover open={popoverOpen} onOpenChange={setPopoverOpen}>
                         <PopoverTrigger asChild>
@@ -199,10 +87,7 @@ export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded =
                                 type="button"
                                 variant="outline"
                                 size="sm"
-                                className={cn(
-                                    "w-full justify-between gap-2",
-                                    selectedCount === 0 && "border-destructive text-destructive hover:border-destructive"
-                                )}
+                                className="w-full justify-between gap-2"
                             >
                                 {selectedCount === 0
                                     ? "No units selected"
@@ -227,7 +112,6 @@ export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded =
                                             {filtered.map((unit) => {
                                                 const id       = String(unit.unit_id);
                                                 const checked  = selectedIds.has(id);
-                                                const conflict = isConflict(unit);
                                                 return (
                                                     <CommandItem
                                                         key={id}
@@ -248,12 +132,6 @@ export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded =
                                                                     {unit.description}
                                                                 </span>
                                                             )}
-                                                            {conflict && (
-                                                                <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-[10px] font-medium text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400 bg-amber-50 dark:bg-amber-950/40 border border-amber-200 dark:border-amber-800 rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 w-fit mt-0.5">
-                                                                    <AlertTriangle className="size-3" />
-                                                                    In "{unit.assigned_plan.label}"
-                                                                </span>
-                                                            )}
                                                         </div>
                                                     </CommandItem>
                                                 );
@@ -282,8 +160,7 @@ export function UnitPicker({ subscription, selectedIds, onChange, isPreloaded =
                     </Popover>
 
                     {selectedCount === 0 && (
-                        <p className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-destructive">
-                            <AlertTriangle className="size-3.5 shrink-0" />
+                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
                             Select at least one unit to bundle with this plan.
                         </p>
                     )}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/config/users/rowActions.config.jsx b/src/modules/admin/config/users/rowActions.config.jsx
index d072bb2..843dfe1 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/config/users/rowActions.config.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/config/users/rowActions.config.jsx
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export function buildRowActions({ navigate, onArchive, onBan, onUnban, onMakeAdm
       className: "text-destructive focus:text-destructive",
       icon: <ShieldBan className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />,
       onClick: (row) => onBan(row),
-      hidden: (row) => !!row.is_banned || !row.is_active,
+      hidden: (row) => !!row.is_banned || !row.is_active || row.user_id === currentUserId,
       separator: true,
     },
     {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export function buildRowActions({ navigate, onArchive, onBan, onUnban, onMakeAdm
       className: "text-destructive focus:text-destructive",
       icon: <Archive className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />,
       onClick: (row) => onArchive(row),
-      hidden: (row) => !row.is_active,
+      hidden: (row) => !row.is_active || row.user_id === currentUserId,
     },
   ];
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/AddAdvertisement.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/AddAdvertisement.jsx
index e75304a..4bc264f 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/AddAdvertisement.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/AddAdvertisement.jsx
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // modules/admin/pages/advertisements/AddAdvertisement.jsx
 
-import { useMemo, useState } from "react";
+import { useState } from "react";
 import { useNavigate } from "react-router-dom";
-import { useForm, useFieldArray } from "react-hook-form";
+import { useForm } from "react-hook-form";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";
 import {
@@ -30,58 +30,33 @@ import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from "@
 import { DateTimePicker } from "@/components/ui/date-time-picker";
 import { AssetPickerSheet } from "@/components/generic/AssetPickerSheet";
 import { PlacementSkeleton } from "@/components/generic/PlacementSkeleton";
+import { AdvertisementPreview } from "@/components/admin/advertisements/AdvertisementPreview";
 
-import { MAX_CTAS, MAX_BADGE_LABELS, CONTENT_MODES } from "@/data/advertisement.data";
+import { MAX_BADGE_LABELS } from "@/data/advertisement.data";
 import { PLACEMENTS, PLACEMENT_MAP } from "@/data/placement.data";
 
 // ─── Schema ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Every ad now carries the same mandatory shape — badge label(s), headline,
+// description, image, and a single link — no more Image Only / Text with
+// Image split (that toggle produced misleading results: Banner's "Text with
+// Image" mode didn't even show the image).
 
 const schema = z.object({
     placement:     z.string().min(1, "Placement is required."),
-    content_mode:  z.enum(["image", "content"]).default("image"),
-    badge_labels:  z.array(z.string().min(1)).max(MAX_BADGE_LABELS, `A maximum of ${MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges is allowed.`).default([]),
-    headline:      z.string().optional(),
-    description:   z.string().max(100, "Description must be 100 characters or fewer.").optional(),
-    image_asset_id: z.union([z.string(), z.number()]).nullable().optional(),
-    // Hard cap of 2 CTAs per advertisement (max() backs up the UI-level append guard)
-    ctas:          z.array(z.object({
-        label:   z.string().min(1, "Label is required."),
-        link:    z.string().min(1, "Link is required.").refine(isValidLink, LINK_ERROR),
-        variant: z.enum(["default", "outline"]).default("default"),
-    })).max(MAX_CTAS, `A maximum of ${MAX_CTAS} buttons is allowed.`).default([]),
-    redirect_link: z.string().optional(),
-    landing_page: z.object({
-        title:       z.string().optional(),
-        description: z.string().optional(),
-        body:        z.string().optional(),
-        links:       z.array(z.object({
-            label: z.string().optional(),
-            link:  z.string().optional(),
-        })).default([]),
-    }).default({}),
+    badge_labels:  z.array(z.string().min(1)).min(1, "At least one badge label is required.").max(MAX_BADGE_LABELS, `A maximum of ${MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges is allowed.`).default([]),
+    headline:      z.string().min(1, "Headline is required."),
+    description:   z.string().min(1, "Description is required.").max(100, "Description must be 100 characters or fewer."),
+    image_asset_id: z.union([z.string(), z.number()]).refine((v) => v !== null && v !== undefined && v !== "", "Image is required."),
+    redirect_link: z.string().min(1, "Link is required.").refine(isValidLink, LINK_ERROR),
     start_date: z.string().optional(),
     end_date:   z.string().optional(),
     is_active:  z.boolean().default(true),
-}).superRefine((data, ctx) => {
-    // Image Only ads have no other click-through — the Link is their only
-    // destination, so it's required (Text with Image ads click through via
-    // their own CTA links instead, see redirect_link comment above).
-    if (data.content_mode !== "image") return;
-    if (!data.redirect_link?.trim()) {
-        ctx.addIssue({ code: z.ZodIssueCode.custom, path: ["redirect_link"], message: "Link is required." });
-    } else if (!isValidLink(data.redirect_link)) {
-        ctx.addIssue({ code: z.ZodIssueCode.custom, path: ["redirect_link"], message: LINK_ERROR });
-    }
 });
 
 // ─── Steps ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-// The Page Builder step only shows up when no redirect_link was given — it's
-// the alternative click-through destination (an internally-authored landing
-// page) for ads that don't link straight out to a URL.
 const ALL_STEPS = [
     { id: "placement",    label: "Placement",           icon: MapPin,         description: "Choose where this ad appears — Dashboard, Tier Plans, or Course Details." },
-    { id: "content",      label: "Type",              icon: FileText,       description: "Image Only, or Text with Image with badges, headline, description, and links." },
-    // { id: "pageBuilder",  label: "Page Builder",         icon: LayoutTemplate, description: "No redirect link? Build an internal landing page for this ad instead.", skippable: true },
+    { id: "content",      label: "Content",             icon: FileText,       description: "Badge labels, headline, description, image, and link for this ad." },
     { id: "scheduling",   label: "Scheduling & Display", icon: CalendarClock,  description: "Start/end dates and draft/active status." },
     { id: "review",       label: "Review",               icon: Check,          description: "Confirm everything before creating this ad." },
 ];
@@ -208,195 +183,86 @@ function StepImagePicker({ selectedAsset, imageUrl, setPickerOpen }) {
 
 function StepContent({
     register, errors, setValue, watch, description,
-    selectedAsset, imageUrl, setPickerOpen,
-    ctaFields, appendCta, removeCta,
+    selectedAsset, imageUrl, setPickerOpen, format,
 }) {
-    const contentMode = watch("content_mode");
     const badgeLabelFields = watch("badge_labels") ?? [];
     const appendBadgeLabel = () => setValue("badge_labels", [...badgeLabelFields, ""], { shouldValidate: true, shouldDirty: true });
     const removeBadgeLabel = (index) => setValue("badge_labels", badgeLabelFields.filter((_, i) => i !== index), { shouldValidate: true, shouldDirty: true });
 
     return (
         <div className="space-y-5">
-            <div className="mt-4">
-                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Content type</Label>
-                <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
-                    {CONTENT_MODES.map((m) => (
-                        <button
-                            key={m.value}
-                            type="button"
-                            onClick={() => {
-                                setValue("content_mode", m.value, { shouldValidate: true });
-                                // redirect_link only applies to Image Only ads (Text with
-                                // Image ads click through via their own CTA links instead)
-                                if (m.value === "content") setValue("redirect_link", "", { shouldValidate: true });
-                            }}
-                            className={cn(
-                                "rounded-lg border p-3 text-left transition-colors",
-                                contentMode === m.value ? "border-primary bg-primary/5" : "hover:bg-muted/50"
-                            )}
-                        >
-                            <p className="text-sm font-medium">{m.label}</p>
-                            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-0.5">
-                                {m.value === "image" ? "No text." : "Left-aligned text, image on the right."}
-                            </p>
-                        </button>
+            <div>
+                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Badge labels</Label>
+                <div className="space-y-2">
+                    {badgeLabelFields.map((_, index) => (
+                        <div key={index} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
+                            <div className="flex-1">
+                                <Input placeholder="e.g. Ad" {...register(`badge_labels.${index}`)} />
+                                <FieldError message={errors.badge_labels?.[index]?.message} />
+                            </div>
+                            <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeBadgeLabel(index)} aria-label="Remove">
+                                <Trash2 className="size-4" />
+                            </Button>
+                        </div>
                     ))}
+                    {badgeLabelFields.length < MAX_BADGE_LABELS ? (
+                        <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={appendBadgeLabel}>
+                            <Plus className="size-3.5" />
+                            Add badge label
+                        </Button>
+                    ) : (
+                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Maximum of {MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges reached.</p>
+                    )}
+                </div>
+                <FieldError message={errors.badge_labels?.message} />
+            </div>
+
+            <div>
+                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Headline</Label>
+                <Input placeholder="e.g. Discover the World Top Designers" {...register("headline")} />
+                <FieldError message={errors.headline?.message} />
+            </div>
+
+            <div>
+                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Description</Label>
+                <Textarea rows={3} placeholder="Supporting text under the headline" {...register("description")} />
+                <div className="flex justify-between items-start mt-1">
+                    <FieldError message={errors.description?.message} />
+                    <span className={`text-xs ml-auto ${(description?.length ?? 0) > 100 ? "text-destructive" : "text-muted-foreground"}`}>
+                        {description?.length ?? 0}/100
+                    </span>
                 </div>
             </div>
 
             <div>
                 <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Image</Label>
                 <StepImagePicker selectedAsset={selectedAsset} imageUrl={imageUrl} setPickerOpen={setPickerOpen} />
+                <FieldError message={errors.image_asset_id?.message} />
             </div>
 
-            {contentMode === "image" && (
-                <div>
-                    <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Title</Label>
-                    <Input placeholder="e.g. Summer Enrollment Banner" {...register("headline")} />
-                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1.5">
-                        Internal label shown in the Ads list — not displayed on the ad itself.
-                    </p>
-                </div>
-            )}
+            <div>
+                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Link</Label>
+                <Input placeholder="e.g. /courses or https://example.com" {...register("redirect_link")} />
+                <FieldError message={errors.redirect_link?.message} />
+                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1.5">
+                    Where clicking this ad goes to.
+                </p>
+            </div>
 
-            {contentMode === "content" && (
-                <div className="space-y-5">
-                    <div>
-                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Badge labels</Label>
-                        <div className="space-y-2">
-                            {badgeLabelFields.map((_, index) => (
-                                <div key={index} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
-                                    <div className="flex-1">
-                                        <Input placeholder="e.g. Ad" {...register(`badge_labels.${index}`)} />
-                                        <FieldError message={errors.badge_labels?.[index]?.message} />
-                                    </div>
-                                    <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeBadgeLabel(index)} aria-label="Remove">
-                                        <Trash2 className="size-4" />
-                                    </Button>
-                                </div>
-                            ))}
-                            {badgeLabelFields.length < MAX_BADGE_LABELS ? (
-                                <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={appendBadgeLabel}>
-                                    <Plus className="size-3.5" />
-                                    Add badge label
-                                </Button>
-                            ) : (
-                                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Maximum of {MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges reached.</p>
-                            )}
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
-                    <div>
-                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Headline</Label>
-                        <Input placeholder="e.g. Discover the World Top Designers" {...register("headline")} />
-                    </div>
-                    <div>
-                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Description</Label>
-                        <Textarea rows={3} placeholder="Supporting text under the headline" {...register("description")} />
-                        <div className="flex justify-between items-start mt-1">
-                            <FieldError message={errors.description?.message} />
-                            <span className={`text-xs ml-auto ${(description?.length ?? 0) > 100 ? "text-destructive" : "text-muted-foreground"}`}>
-                                {description?.length ?? 0}/100
-                            </span>
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
+            <Separator />
 
-                    <div>
-                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Links</Label>
-                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-2">
-                            Up to {MAX_CTAS} buttons. The first is styled Primary, the second Outline.
-                        </p>
-                        <div className="space-y-3">
-                            {ctaFields.map((field, index) => (
-                                <div key={field.id} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
-                                    <div className="flex-1">
-                                        <Input placeholder="Label (e.g. Explore)" {...register(`ctas.${index}.label`)} />
-                                        <FieldError message={errors.ctas?.[index]?.label?.message} />
-                                    </div>
-                                    <div className="flex-1">
-                                        <Input placeholder="Link (e.g. /courses)" {...register(`ctas.${index}.link`)} />
-                                        <FieldError message={errors.ctas?.[index]?.link?.message} />
-                                    </div>
-                                    <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeCta(index)} aria-label="Remove">
-                                        <Trash2 className="size-4" />
-                                    </Button>
-                                </div>
-                            ))}
-                            {ctaFields.length < MAX_CTAS ? (
-                                <Button
-                                    type="button"
-                                    variant="outline"
-                                    size="sm"
-                                    onClick={() => appendCta({ label: "", link: "", variant: ctaFields.length === 0 ? "default" : "outline" })}
-                                >
-                                    <Plus className="size-3.5" />
-                                    Add link
-                                </Button>
-                            ) : (
-                                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Maximum of {MAX_CTAS} buttons reached.</p>
-                            )}
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {contentMode === "image" && (
-                <>
-                    <Separator />
-                    <div>
-                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Link</Label>
-                        <Input placeholder="e.g. /courses or https://example.com" {...register("redirect_link")} />
-                        <FieldError message={errors.redirect_link?.message} />
-                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1.5">
-                            Where clicking the image goes to.
-                        </p>
-                    </div>
-                </>
-            )}
+            <AdvertisementPreview
+                format={format}
+                badgeLabels={badgeLabelFields}
+                headline={watch("headline")}
+                description={watch("description")}
+                imageSrc={imageUrl || (selectedAsset ? resolveAssetSrc(selectedAsset) : null)}
+            />
         </div>
     );
 }
 
-// ─── Step 3: Page Builder ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-function StepPageBuilder({ register, linkFields, appendLink, removeLink }) {
-    return (
-        <div className="space-y-5">
-            <div>
-                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Page title</Label>
-                <Input placeholder="e.g. Why upgrade to Pro" {...register("landing_page.title")} />
-            </div>
-            <div>
-                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Page description</Label>
-                <Textarea rows={2} placeholder="Short summary shown under the title" {...register("landing_page.description")} />
-            </div>
-            <div>
-                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Body</Label>
-                <Textarea rows={6} placeholder="Main page content" {...register("landing_page.body")} />
-            </div>
-            <div>
-                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Links</Label>
-                <div className="space-y-2">
-                    {linkFields.map((field, index) => (
-                        <div key={field.id} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
-                            <Input placeholder="Label" className="flex-1" {...register(`landing_page.links.${index}.label`)} />
-                            <Input placeholder="URL or path" className="flex-1" {...register(`landing_page.links.${index}.link`)} />
-                            <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeLink(index)} aria-label="Remove">
-                                <Trash2 className="size-4" />
-                            </Button>
-                        </div>
-                    ))}
-                    <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => appendLink({ label: "", link: "" })}>
-                        <Plus className="size-3.5" />
-                        Add link
-                    </Button>
-                </div>
-            </div>
-        </div>
-    );
-}
-
-// ─── Step 4: Scheduling & Display ───────────────────────────────────────────
+// ─── Step 3: Scheduling & Display ───────────────────────────────────────────
 
 function StepScheduling({ watch, setValue }) {
     const isActive = watch("is_active");
@@ -451,8 +317,6 @@ function SummaryRow({ label, value }) {
 function StepReview({ data, selectedAsset, imageUrl }) {
     const { fmtDateTime } = useDateFormat();
     const placementMeta = PLACEMENT_MAP[data.placement];
-    const ctas = (data.ctas ?? []).filter((c) => c.label || c.link);
-    const hasLandingPage = !data.redirect_link && (data.landing_page?.title || data.landing_page?.body);
 
     return (
         <div className="space-y-4">
@@ -467,14 +331,9 @@ function StepReview({ data, selectedAsset, imageUrl }) {
 
             <div className="border rounded-lg p-4 space-y-1">
                 <p className="text-sm font-medium mb-2">Content</p>
-                <SummaryRow label="Type" value={data.content_mode === "content" ? "Text with Image" : "Image Only"} />
-                {data.content_mode === "content" && (
-                    <>
-                        <SummaryRow label="Badges"      value={(data.badge_labels ?? []).filter(Boolean).join(", ")} />
-                        <SummaryRow label="Headline"    value={data.headline} />
-                        <SummaryRow label="Description" value={data.description} />
-                    </>
-                )}
+                <SummaryRow label="Badges"      value={(data.badge_labels ?? []).filter(Boolean).join(", ")} />
+                <SummaryRow label="Headline"    value={data.headline} />
+                <SummaryRow label="Description" value={data.description} />
             </div>
 
             <div className="border rounded-lg p-4 space-y-1">
@@ -490,30 +349,10 @@ function StepReview({ data, selectedAsset, imageUrl }) {
                 )}
             </div>
 
-            {ctas.length > 0 && (
-                <div className="border rounded-lg p-4 space-y-1">
-                    <p className="text-sm font-medium mb-2">Links</p>
-                    {ctas.map((c, i) => (
-                        <SummaryRow key={i} label={c.label || "—"} value={c.link} />
-                    ))}
-                </div>
-            )}
-
-            {data.content_mode === "image" && (
-                <div className="border rounded-lg p-4 space-y-1">
-                    <p className="text-sm font-medium mb-2">Click-through</p>
-                    {data.redirect_link ? (
-                        <SummaryRow label="Link" value={data.redirect_link} />
-                    ) : hasLandingPage ? (
-                        <>
-                            <SummaryRow label="Page title" value={data.landing_page?.title} />
-                            <SummaryRow label="Links" value={(data.landing_page?.links ?? []).filter((l) => l.label || l.link).length || null} />
-                        </>
-                    ) : (
-                        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No link or landing page set — this ad won't link anywhere when clicked.</p>
-                    )}
-                </div>
-            )}
+            <div className="border rounded-lg p-4 space-y-1">
+                <p className="text-sm font-medium mb-2">Link</p>
+                <SummaryRow label="Goes to" value={data.redirect_link} />
+            </div>
 
             <div className="border rounded-lg p-4 space-y-1">
                 <p className="text-sm font-medium mb-2">Scheduling & display</p>
@@ -540,7 +379,6 @@ export default function AddAdvertisement() {
     const {
         register,
         handleSubmit,
-        control,
         trigger,
         getValues,
         watch,
@@ -550,23 +388,17 @@ export default function AddAdvertisement() {
         resolver: zodResolver(schema),
         defaultValues: {
             placement: undefined,
-            content_mode: "image",
             badge_labels: [],
             headline: "",
             description: "",
             image_asset_id: null,
-            ctas: [],
             redirect_link: "",
-            landing_page: { title: "", description: "", body: "", links: [] },
             start_date: "",
             end_date: "",
             is_active: true,
         },
     });
 
-    const { fields: ctaFields, append: appendCta, remove: removeCta } = useFieldArray({ control, name: "ctas" });
-    const { fields: linkFields, append: appendLink, remove: removeLink } = useFieldArray({ control, name: "landing_page.links" });
-
     // selectedAsset lives outside the form and its setValue() call doesn't pass
     // shouldDirty, so isDirty alone would miss it.
     const { bypassOnce, dialog: unsavedChangesDialog } = useUnsavedChangesGuard(
@@ -575,21 +407,12 @@ export default function AddAdvertisement() {
 
     const placement = watch("placement");
     const description = watch("description");
-    const redirectLink = watch("redirect_link");
-    const contentMode = watch("content_mode");
     const format = PLACEMENT_MAP[placement]?.format;
 
-    const steps = useMemo(
-        () => ALL_STEPS.filter((s) => !s.skippable || !redirectLink?.trim()),
-        [redirectLink]
-    );
+    const steps = ALL_STEPS;
     const stepIndex = Math.min(step, steps.length - 1);
     const current = steps[stepIndex];
 
-    // Image Only ads require a valid Link before advancing past the Type step
-    const linkStepInvalid = current.id === "content" && contentMode === "image"
-        && (!redirectLink?.trim() || !isValidLink(redirectLink));
-
     const breadcrumbItems = [
         { label: "Home", icon: <House className="size-4" />, to: "/admin" },
         { label: "Ads", to: "/admin/advertisements" },
@@ -600,7 +423,7 @@ export default function AddAdvertisement() {
     const handleNext = async () => {
         let fields = [];
         if (current.id === "placement") fields = ["placement"];
-        else if (current.id === "content") fields = watch("content_mode") === "content" ? ["headline", "description", "badge_labels", "ctas"] : ["redirect_link"];
+        else if (current.id === "content") fields = ["badge_labels", "headline", "description", "image_asset_id", "redirect_link"];
 
         const valid = fields.length ? await trigger(fields) : true;
         if (valid) setStep((s) => Math.min(s + 1, steps.length - 1));
@@ -612,9 +435,6 @@ export default function AddAdvertisement() {
     const handleCreate = handleSubmit(async (values) => {
         const payload = {
             ...values,
-            image_asset_id: values.image_asset_id || null,
-            redirect_link:  values.redirect_link || null,
-            landing_page:   values.redirect_link ? null : values.landing_page,
             start_date: values.start_date || null,
             end_date:   values.end_date   || null,
             createdBy:  user?.user_id ?? null,
@@ -663,17 +483,7 @@ export default function AddAdvertisement() {
                                 selectedAsset={selectedAsset}
                                 imageUrl={imagePreviewUrl}
                                 setPickerOpen={setPickerOpen}
-                                ctaFields={ctaFields}
-                                appendCta={appendCta}
-                                removeCta={removeCta}
-                            />
-                        )}
-                        {current.id === "pageBuilder" && (
-                            <StepPageBuilder
-                                register={register}
-                                linkFields={linkFields}
-                                appendLink={appendLink}
-                                removeLink={removeLink}
+                                format={format}
                             />
                         )}
                         {current.id === "scheduling" && (
@@ -701,7 +511,7 @@ export default function AddAdvertisement() {
                                 Create advertisement
                             </Button>
                         ) : (
-                            <Button type="button" onClick={handleNext} disabled={linkStepInvalid}>
+                            <Button type="button" onClick={handleNext}>
                                 Next
                                 <ChevronRight className="size-4" />
                             </Button>
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/EditAdvertisement.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/EditAdvertisement.jsx
index abf6d5c..a136941 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/EditAdvertisement.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/EditAdvertisement.jsx
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { useNavigate, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
-import { useForm, useFieldArray } from "react-hook-form";
+import { useForm } from "react-hook-form";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";
 import { House, Plus, Trash2, ImagePlus } from "lucide-react";
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import { useAuth } from "@/contexts/AuthContext";
 import { useUnsavedChangesGuard } from "@/hooks/useUnsavedChangesGuard";
 import { resolveAssetSrc } from "@/utils/media.util";
 import { isValidLink, LINK_ERROR } from "@/utils/link.util";
-import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 import AppBreadcrumb from "@/components/generic/Breadcrumb/AppBreadcrumb";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Input } from "@/components/ui/input";
@@ -20,52 +19,30 @@ import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
 import { Textarea } from "@/components/ui/textarea";
 import { Spinner } from "@/components/ui/spinner";
 import { Switch } from "@/components/ui/switch";
-import { Separator } from "@/components/ui/separator";
 import { Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue } from "@/components/ui/select";
 import { DateTimePicker } from "@/components/ui/date-time-picker";
 import { AssetPickerSheet } from "@/components/generic/AssetPickerSheet";
+import { AdvertisementPreview } from "@/components/admin/advertisements/AdvertisementPreview";
 
-import { MAX_CTAS, MAX_BADGE_LABELS, CONTENT_MODES } from "@/data/advertisement.data";
+import { MAX_BADGE_LABELS } from "@/data/advertisement.data";
 import { PLACEMENTS, PLACEMENT_MAP } from "@/data/placement.data";
 
 // ─── Schema ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Every ad now carries the same mandatory shape — badge label(s), headline,
+// description, image, and a single link — no more Image Only / Text with
+// Image split (that toggle produced misleading results: Banner's "Text with
+// Image" mode didn't even show the image).
 
 const schema = z.object({
     placement:     z.string().min(1, "Placement is required."),
-    content_mode:  z.enum(["image", "content"]).default("image"),
-    badge_labels:  z.array(z.string().min(1)).max(MAX_BADGE_LABELS, `A maximum of ${MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges is allowed.`).default([]),
-    headline:      z.string().optional(),
-    description:   z.string().max(100, "Description must be 100 characters or fewer.").optional(),
-    image_asset_id: z.union([z.string(), z.number()]).nullable().optional(),
-    // Hard cap of 2 CTAs per advertisement (max() backs up the UI-level append guard)
-    ctas:          z.array(z.object({
-        label:   z.string().min(1, "Label is required."),
-        link:    z.string().min(1, "Link is required.").refine(isValidLink, LINK_ERROR),
-        variant: z.enum(["default", "outline"]).default("default"),
-    })).max(MAX_CTAS, `A maximum of ${MAX_CTAS} buttons is allowed.`).default([]),
-    redirect_link: z.string().optional(),
-    landing_page: z.object({
-        title:       z.string().optional(),
-        description: z.string().optional(),
-        body:        z.string().optional(),
-        links:       z.array(z.object({
-            label: z.string().optional(),
-            link:  z.string().optional(),
-        })).default([]),
-    }).default({}),
+    badge_labels:  z.array(z.string().min(1)).min(1, "At least one badge label is required.").max(MAX_BADGE_LABELS, `A maximum of ${MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges is allowed.`).default([]),
+    headline:      z.string().min(1, "Headline is required."),
+    description:   z.string().min(1, "Description is required.").max(100, "Description must be 100 characters or fewer."),
+    image_asset_id: z.union([z.string(), z.number()]).refine((v) => v !== null && v !== undefined && v !== "", "Image is required."),
+    redirect_link: z.string().min(1, "Link is required.").refine(isValidLink, LINK_ERROR),
     start_date: z.string().optional(),
     end_date:   z.string().optional(),
     is_active:  z.boolean().default(true),
-}).superRefine((data, ctx) => {
-    // Image Only ads have no other click-through — the Link is their only
-    // destination, so it's required (Text with Image ads click through via
-    // their own CTA links instead).
-    if (data.content_mode !== "image") return;
-    if (!data.redirect_link?.trim()) {
-        ctx.addIssue({ code: z.ZodIssueCode.custom, path: ["redirect_link"], message: "Link is required." });
-    } else if (!isValidLink(data.redirect_link)) {
-        ctx.addIssue({ code: z.ZodIssueCode.custom, path: ["redirect_link"], message: LINK_ERROR });
-    }
 });
 
 // ─── Helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -108,7 +85,6 @@ export default function EditAdvertisement() {
     const {
         register,
         handleSubmit,
-        control,
         reset,
         watch,
         setValue,
@@ -117,32 +93,24 @@ export default function EditAdvertisement() {
         resolver: zodResolver(schema),
         defaultValues: {
             placement: undefined,
-            content_mode: "image",
             badge_labels: [],
             headline: "",
             description: "",
             image_asset_id: null,
-            ctas: [],
             redirect_link: "",
-            landing_page: { title: "", description: "", body: "", links: [] },
             start_date: "",
             end_date: "",
             is_active: true,
         },
     });
 
-    const { fields: ctaFields, append: appendCta, remove: removeCta } = useFieldArray({ control, name: "ctas" });
-    const { fields: linkFields, append: appendLink, remove: removeLink } = useFieldArray({ control, name: "landing_page.links" });
-
     const { bypassOnce, dialog: unsavedChangesDialog } = useUnsavedChangesGuard(isDirty);
 
     const placement = watch("placement");
     const description = watch("description");
-    const contentMode = watch("content_mode");
     const badgeLabelFields = watch("badge_labels") ?? [];
     const appendBadgeLabel = () => setValue("badge_labels", [...badgeLabelFields, ""], { shouldValidate: true, shouldDirty: true });
     const removeBadgeLabel = (index) => setValue("badge_labels", badgeLabelFields.filter((_, i) => i !== index), { shouldValidate: true, shouldDirty: true });
-    const redirectLink = watch("redirect_link");
     const format = PLACEMENT_MAP[placement]?.format;
 
     const breadcrumbItems = [
@@ -168,23 +136,11 @@ export default function EditAdvertisement() {
 
             reset({
                 placement:      ad.placement ?? undefined,
-                content_mode:   ad.content_mode ?? "image",
                 badge_labels:   ad.badge_labels ?? [],
                 headline:       ad.headline ?? "",
                 description:    ad.description ?? "",
                 image_asset_id: ad.image?.asset_id ?? null,
-                ctas:           (ad.ctas ?? []).map((c, i) => ({
-                    label:   c.label ?? "",
-                    link:    c.link ?? "",
-                    variant: c.variant ?? (i === 0 ? "default" : "outline"),
-                })),
-                redirect_link: ad.redirect_link ?? "",
-                landing_page: {
-                    title:       ad.landing_page?.title ?? "",
-                    description: ad.landing_page?.description ?? "",
-                    body:        ad.landing_page?.body ?? "",
-                    links:       (ad.landing_page?.links ?? []).map((l) => ({ label: l.label ?? "", link: l.link ?? "" })),
-                },
+                redirect_link:  ad.redirect_link ?? "",
                 start_date:     ad.start_date ?? "",
                 end_date:       ad.end_date ?? "",
                 is_active:      ad.is_active ?? true,
@@ -200,9 +156,6 @@ export default function EditAdvertisement() {
 
         const payload = {
             ...values,
-            image_asset_id: values.image_asset_id || null,
-            redirect_link:  values.redirect_link || null,
-            landing_page:   values.redirect_link ? null : values.landing_page,
             start_date: values.start_date || null,
             end_date:   values.end_date   || null,
             updatedBy:  user?.user_id ?? null,
@@ -235,6 +188,16 @@ export default function EditAdvertisement() {
 
                     <form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)} className="space-y-5">
 
+                        <SectionCard>
+                            <AdvertisementPreview
+                                format={format}
+                                badgeLabels={badgeLabelFields}
+                                headline={watch("headline")}
+                                description={watch("description")}
+                                imageSrc={imagePreviewUrl || (selectedAsset ? resolveAssetSrc(selectedAsset) : null)}
+                            />
+                        </SectionCard>
+
                         <SectionCard title="Placement" description="Where this advertisement will appear.">
                             <div>
                                 <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Placement</Label>
@@ -261,83 +224,47 @@ export default function EditAdvertisement() {
                             )}
                         </SectionCard>
 
-                        <SectionCard title="Type" description="Image Only, or Text with Image with badges, headline, description, and links.">
-                            <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
-                                {CONTENT_MODES.map((m) => (
-                                    <button
-                                        key={m.value}
-                                        type="button"
-                                        onClick={() => {
-                                            setValue("content_mode", m.value, { shouldValidate: true, shouldDirty: true });
-                                            // redirect_link only applies to Image Only ads (Text with
-                                            // Image ads click through via their own CTA links instead)
-                                            if (m.value === "content") setValue("redirect_link", "", { shouldValidate: true, shouldDirty: true });
-                                        }}
-                                        className={cn(
-                                            "rounded-lg border p-3 text-left transition-colors",
-                                            contentMode === m.value ? "border-primary bg-primary/5" : "hover:bg-muted/50"
-                                        )}
-                                    >
-                                        <p className="text-sm font-medium">{m.label}</p>
-                                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-0.5">
-                                            {m.value === "image" ? "No text." : "Left-aligned text, image on the right."}
-                                        </p>
-                                    </button>
-                                ))}
-                            </div>
-
-                            {contentMode === "image" && (
-                                <div>
-                                    <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Title</Label>
-                                    <Input placeholder="e.g. Summer Enrollment Banner" {...register("headline")} />
-                                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1.5">
-                                        Internal label shown in the Ads list — not displayed on the ad itself.
-                                    </p>
+                        <SectionCard title="Content" description="Badge labels, headline, and description shown on the ad.">
+                            <div>
+                                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Badge labels</Label>
+                                <div className="space-y-2">
+                                    {badgeLabelFields.map((_, index) => (
+                                        <div key={index} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
+                                            <div className="flex-1">
+                                                <Input placeholder="e.g. Ad" {...register(`badge_labels.${index}`)} />
+                                                <FieldError message={errors.badge_labels?.[index]?.message} />
+                                            </div>
+                                            <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeBadgeLabel(index)} aria-label="Remove">
+                                                <Trash2 className="size-4" />
+                                            </Button>
+                                        </div>
+                                    ))}
+                                    {badgeLabelFields.length < MAX_BADGE_LABELS ? (
+                                        <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={appendBadgeLabel}>
+                                            <Plus className="size-3.5" />
+                                            Add badge label
+                                        </Button>
+                                    ) : (
+                                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Maximum of {MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges reached.</p>
+                                    )}
                                 </div>
-                            )}
-
-                            {contentMode === "content" && (
-                                <>
-                                    <div>
-                                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Badge labels</Label>
-                                        <div className="space-y-2">
-                                            {badgeLabelFields.map((_, index) => (
-                                                <div key={index} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
-                                                    <div className="flex-1">
-                                                        <Input placeholder="e.g. Ad" {...register(`badge_labels.${index}`)} />
-                                                        <FieldError message={errors.badge_labels?.[index]?.message} />
-                                                    </div>
-                                                    <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeBadgeLabel(index)} aria-label="Remove">
-                                                        <Trash2 className="size-4" />
-                                                    </Button>
-                                                </div>
-                                            ))}
-                                            {badgeLabelFields.length < MAX_BADGE_LABELS ? (
-                                                <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={appendBadgeLabel}>
-                                                    <Plus className="size-3.5" />
-                                                    Add badge label
-                                                </Button>
-                                            ) : (
-                                                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Maximum of {MAX_BADGE_LABELS} badges reached.</p>
-                                            )}
-                                        </div>
-                                    </div>
-                                    <div>
-                                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Headline</Label>
-                                        <Input placeholder="e.g. Discover the World Top Designers" {...register("headline")} />
-                                    </div>
-                                    <div>
-                                        <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Description</Label>
-                                        <Textarea rows={3} placeholder="Supporting text under the headline" {...register("description")} />
-                                        <div className="flex justify-between items-start mt-1">
-                                            <FieldError message={errors.description?.message} />
-                                            <span className={`text-xs ml-auto ${(description?.length ?? 0) > 100 ? "text-destructive" : "text-muted-foreground"}`}>
-                                                {description?.length ?? 0}/100
-                                            </span>
-                                        </div>
-                                    </div>
-                                </>
-                            )}
+                                <FieldError message={errors.badge_labels?.message} />
+                            </div>
+                            <div>
+                                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Headline</Label>
+                                <Input placeholder="e.g. Discover the World Top Designers" {...register("headline")} />
+                                <FieldError message={errors.headline?.message} />
+                            </div>
+                            <div>
+                                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Description</Label>
+                                <Textarea rows={3} placeholder="Supporting text under the headline" {...register("description")} />
+                                <div className="flex justify-between items-start mt-1">
+                                    <FieldError message={errors.description?.message} />
+                                    <span className={`text-xs ml-auto ${(description?.length ?? 0) > 100 ? "text-destructive" : "text-muted-foreground"}`}>
+                                        {description?.length ?? 0}/100
+                                    </span>
+                                </div>
+                            </div>
                         </SectionCard>
 
                         <SectionCard title="Image" description="Choose an existing asset from Asset Management.">
@@ -365,92 +292,16 @@ export default function EditAdvertisement() {
                                     <span className="text-sm">Select an image</span>
                                 </button>
                             )}
+                            <FieldError message={errors.image_asset_id?.message} />
                         </SectionCard>
 
-                        {contentMode === "content" && (
-                            <SectionCard
-                                title="Links"
-                                description={`Up to ${MAX_CTAS} buttons shown on the placement. The first is styled Primary, the second Outline.`}
-                            >
-                                {ctaFields.map((field, index) => (
-                                    <div key={field.id} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
-                                        <div className="flex-1">
-                                            <Input placeholder="Label (e.g. Explore)" {...register(`ctas.${index}.label`)} />
-                                            <FieldError message={errors.ctas?.[index]?.label?.message} />
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div className="flex-1">
-                                            <Input placeholder="Link (e.g. /courses)" {...register(`ctas.${index}.link`)} />
-                                            <FieldError message={errors.ctas?.[index]?.link?.message} />
-                                        </div>
-                                        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeCta(index)} aria-label="Remove">
-                                            <Trash2 className="size-4" />
-                                        </Button>
-                                    </div>
-                                ))}
-                                {ctaFields.length < MAX_CTAS ? (
-                                    <Button
-                                        type="button"
-                                        variant="outline"
-                                        size="sm"
-                                        onClick={() => appendCta({ label: "", link: "", variant: ctaFields.length === 0 ? "default" : "outline" })}
-                                    >
-                                        <Plus className="size-3.5" />
-                                        Add link
-                                    </Button>
-                                ) : (
-                                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Maximum of {MAX_CTAS} buttons reached.</p>
-                                )}
-                            </SectionCard>
-                        )}
-
-                        {contentMode === "image" && (
-                            <SectionCard title="Click-through" description="Where clicking the image goes to.">
-                                <div>
-                                    <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Link</Label>
-                                    <Input placeholder="e.g. /courses or https://example.com" {...register("redirect_link")} />
-                                    <FieldError message={errors.redirect_link?.message} />
-                                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1.5">
-                                        Where clicking the image goes to.
-                                    </p>
-                                </div>
-
-                                {!redirectLink?.trim() && (
-                                    <>
-                                        <Separator />
-                                        <div>
-                                            <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Page title</Label>
-                                            <Input placeholder="e.g. Why upgrade to Pro" {...register("landing_page.title")} />
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div>
-                                            <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Page description</Label>
-                                            <Textarea rows={2} placeholder="Short summary shown under the title" {...register("landing_page.description")} />
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div>
-                                            <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Body</Label>
-                                            <Textarea rows={6} placeholder="Main page content" {...register("landing_page.body")} />
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div>
-                                            <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Links</Label>
-                                            <div className="space-y-2">
-                                                {linkFields.map((field, index) => (
-                                                    <div key={field.id} className="flex gap-2 items-start">
-                                                        <Input placeholder="Label" className="flex-1" {...register(`landing_page.links.${index}.label`)} />
-                                                        <Input placeholder="URL or path" className="flex-1" {...register(`landing_page.links.${index}.link`)} />
-                                                        <Button type="button" variant="ghost" size="icon" onClick={() => removeLink(index)} aria-label="Remove">
-                                                            <Trash2 className="size-4" />
-                                                        </Button>
-                                                    </div>
-                                                ))}
-                                                <Button type="button" variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => appendLink({ label: "", link: "" })}>
-                                                    <Plus className="size-3.5" />
-                                                    Add link
-                                                </Button>
-                                            </div>
-                                        </div>
-                                    </>
-                                )}
-                            </SectionCard>
-                        )}
+                        <SectionCard title="Link" description="Where clicking this ad goes to.">
+                            <div>
+                                <Label className="mb-1.5 block">Link</Label>
+                                <Input placeholder="e.g. /courses or https://example.com" {...register("redirect_link")} />
+                                <FieldError message={errors.redirect_link?.message} />
+                            </div>
+                        </SectionCard>
 
                         <SectionCard title="Scheduling" description="Optional start and end dates for this placement.">
                             <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/ViewAdvertisement.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/ViewAdvertisement.jsx
index 558c005..18dddeb 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/ViewAdvertisement.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/advertisements/ViewAdvertisement.jsx
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { Spinner } from "@/components/ui/spinner";
 
+import { AdvertisementPreview } from "@/components/admin/advertisements/AdvertisementPreview";
+
 import { ADVERTISEMENT_TYPE_MAP, ADVERTISEMENT_STATUS_MAP } from "@/data/advertisement.data";
 import { PLACEMENT_MAP } from "@/data/placement.data";
 
@@ -141,14 +143,14 @@ export default function ViewAdvertisement() {
                     </div>
 
                     {/* ── Preview ────────────────────────────────────────────────── */}
-                    <SectionCard title="Preview">
-                        <div className="h-48 rounded-lg bg-muted flex items-center justify-center overflow-hidden">
-                            {previewSrc ? (
-                                <img src={previewSrc} alt={advertisement.headline || advertisement.type} className="w-full h-full object-cover" />
-                            ) : (
-                                <Megaphone className="size-8 text-muted-foreground" />
-                            )}
-                        </div>
+                    <SectionCard>
+                        <AdvertisementPreview
+                            format={advertisement.type}
+                            badgeLabels={advertisement.badge_labels}
+                            headline={advertisement.headline}
+                            description={advertisement.description}
+                            imageSrc={previewSrc}
+                        />
                     </SectionCard>
 
                     {/* ── Content ────────────────────────────────────────────────── */}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/AddLesson.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/AddLesson.jsx
index aed02e7..14350f5 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/AddLesson.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/AddLesson.jsx
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ import { Input } from "@/components/ui/input";
 import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
 import { Textarea } from "@/components/ui/textarea";
 import { Spinner } from "@/components/ui/spinner";
+import {
+  Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue,
+} from "@/components/ui/select";
 import {
   Drawer, DrawerContent, DrawerHeader, DrawerTitle, DrawerDescription,
   DrawerFooter, DrawerClose,
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
   title: z.string().min(1, "Title is required."),
   description: z.string().optional(),
   order: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
+  subscription: z.string().optional(),
   objectives: z.array(
     z.object({ value: z.string().min(1, "Objective cannot be empty.") })
   ).optional(),
@@ -57,8 +61,10 @@ function FieldError({ message }) {
 }
 
 // ─── Step 1 — Details ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-function StepDetails({ register, errors, control }) {
+function StepDetails({ register, errors, control, setValue, tierCategories }) {
   const { fields, append, remove, insert, update } = useFieldArray({ control, name: "objectives" });
+  const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
 
   const handleObjectivePaste = (e, index) => {
     const text = e.clipboardData.getData("text");
@@ -89,6 +95,28 @@ function StepDetails({ register, errors, control }) {
           <Label htmlFor="order">Order</Label>
           <Input id="order" type="number" min={0} {...register("order")} />
         </div>
+
+        <div className="space-y-1.5">
+          <Label>Subscription</Label>
+          <Select
+            value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+            onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+          >
+            <SelectTrigger>
+              <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
+            </SelectTrigger>
+            <SelectContent>
+              {tierCategories.map((c) => (
+                <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
+                  {c.name}
+                </SelectItem>
+              ))}
+            </SelectContent>
+          </Select>
+          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+            Optional. Gates this lesson directly, independent of the unit it's attached to.
+          </p>
+        </div>
       </div>
 
       {/* Objectives */}
@@ -238,12 +266,19 @@ export default function AddLesson() {
   const [requirements, setRequirements] = useState([]);
   const [attachOpen, setAttachOpen] = useState(false);
 
+  const [tierCategories, setTierCategories] = useState([]);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    api.get("/admin/tiers/categories")
+      .then(({ data }) => setTierCategories((data.data ?? []).filter((c) => c.is_active)))
+      .catch(() => {});
+  }, []);
+
   const {
     register, control, trigger, getValues, setValue,
     formState: { errors, isDirty },
   } = useForm({
     resolver: zodResolver(schema),
-    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0, objectives: [], blocks: [] },
+    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0, subscription: "free", objectives: [], blocks: [] },
     mode: "onTouched",
   });
 
@@ -278,6 +313,7 @@ export default function AddLesson() {
       title: data.title,
       description: data.description || null,
       order: data.order,
+      subscription: data.subscription || (tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free"),
       objectives: data.objectives?.map((o) => o.value) ?? [],
       createdBy: user?.user_id,
     };
@@ -388,7 +424,7 @@ export default function AddLesson() {
               {/* Step content */}
               <div>
                 {step === 0 && (
-                  <StepDetails register={register} errors={errors} control={control} />
+                  <StepDetails register={register} errors={errors} control={control} setValue={setValue} tierCategories={tierCategories} />
                 )}
 
                 {step === 1 && (
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/EditLesson.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/EditLesson.jsx
index eca1ed5..d320301 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/EditLesson.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/lessons/EditLesson.jsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { useNavigate, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
-import { useForm, useFieldArray } from "react-hook-form";
+import { useForm, useFieldArray, useWatch } from "react-hook-form";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";
 import { ArrowLeft, House, Plus, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
@@ -9,11 +9,15 @@ import { useCourses } from "@/contexts/AdminCoursesContext";
 import { useAuth } from "@/contexts/AuthContext";
 import { PageMeta } from "@/contexts/MetadataContext";
 import AppBreadcrumb from "@/components/generic/Breadcrumb/AppBreadcrumb";
+import api from "@/utils/api.util";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Input } from "@/components/ui/input";
 import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
 import { Textarea } from "@/components/ui/textarea";
 import { Spinner } from "@/components/ui/spinner";
+import {
+  Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue,
+} from "@/components/ui/select";
 import { useUnsavedChangesGuard } from "@/hooks/useUnsavedChangesGuard";
 import CompletionRequirementBuilder from "@/modules/admin/components/courses/CompletionRequirementBuilder";
 
@@ -21,6 +25,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
   title: z.string().min(1, "Title is required."),
   description: z.string().optional(),
   order: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
+  subscription: z.string().optional(),
   objectives: z.array(
     z.object({ value: z.string().min(1, "Objective cannot be empty.") })
   ).optional(),
@@ -38,11 +43,21 @@ export default function EditLesson() {
   const { user } = useAuth();
   const [lessonTitle, setLessonTitle] = useState("");
 
-  const { register, handleSubmit, reset, control, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
+  const [tierCategories, setTierCategories] = useState([]);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    api.get("/admin/tiers/categories")
+      .then(({ data }) => setTierCategories((data.data ?? []).filter((c) => c.is_active)))
+      .catch(() => {});
+  }, []);
+
+  const { register, handleSubmit, reset, control, setValue, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
     resolver: zodResolver(schema),
-    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0, objectives: [] },
+    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0, subscription: "free", objectives: [] },
   });
 
+  const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
+
   const { fields, append, remove, insert, update } = useFieldArray({ control, name: "objectives" });
 
   const handleObjectivePaste = (e, index) => {
@@ -68,6 +83,7 @@ export default function EditLesson() {
         title: lesson.title ?? "",
         description: lesson.description ?? "",
         order: lesson.order ?? 0,
+        subscription: lesson.subscription || defaultTierSlug,
         objectives: lesson.objectives?.map((v) => ({ value: v.text })) ?? [],
       });
     })();
@@ -81,6 +97,7 @@ export default function EditLesson() {
     if (!isDirty) { bypassOnce(); return navigate(`/admin/courses/${courseId}/units/${unitId}/lessons/${lessonId}/view`); }
     const result = await updateLesson(courseId, unitId, lessonId, {
       ...data,
+      subscription: data.subscription || defaultTierSlug,
       objectives: data.objectives?.map((o, i) => ({
         objective_id: o.objective_id ?? null,
         text: o.value,
@@ -132,6 +149,28 @@ export default function EditLesson() {
                 <Input id="order" type="number" min={0} {...register("order")} />
               </div>
 
+              <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                <Label>Subscription</Label>
+                <Select
+                  value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+                  onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+                >
+                  <SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
+                  </SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectContent>
+                    {tierCategories.map((c) => (
+                      <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
+                        {c.name}
+                      </SelectItem>
+                    ))}
+                  </SelectContent>
+                </Select>
+                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                  Optional. Gates this lesson directly, independent of the unit it's attached to.
+                </p>
+              </div>
+
             </div>
 
             {/* Objectives */}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/AddUnit.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/AddUnit.jsx
index e807799..8d81d7b 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/AddUnit.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/AddUnit.jsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
 import { useNavigate, useParams, useLocation } from "react-router-dom";
-import { useForm } from "react-hook-form";
+import { useForm, useWatch } from "react-hook-form";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";
 import { ChevronLeft, ChevronRight, Check, FileText, ListChecks, Link2, Plus } from "lucide-react";
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ import { Input } from "@/components/ui/input";
 import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
 import { Textarea } from "@/components/ui/textarea";
 import { Spinner } from "@/components/ui/spinner";
+import {
+  Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue,
+} from "@/components/ui/select";
 import { useUnsavedChangesGuard } from "@/hooks/useUnsavedChangesGuard";
 import DraftRequirementsEditor from "@/modules/admin/components/courses/DraftRequirementsEditor";
 import AttachUnitsDialog from "@/modules/admin/components/library/AttachUnitsDialog";
@@ -23,6 +26,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
   title: z.string().min(1, "Title is required."),
   description: z.string().optional(),
   order: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
+  subscription: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
 const STEPS = [
@@ -49,11 +53,21 @@ export default function AddUnit() {
   const [requirements, setRequirements] = useState([]);
   const [attachOpen, setAttachOpen] = useState(false);
 
-  const { register, trigger, getValues, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
+  const [tierCategories, setTierCategories] = useState([]);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    api.get("/admin/tiers/categories")
+      .then(({ data }) => setTierCategories((data.data ?? []).filter((c) => c.is_active)))
+      .catch(() => {});
+  }, []);
+
+  const { register, trigger, getValues, control, setValue, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
     resolver: zodResolver(schema),
-    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0 },
+    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0, subscription: "free" },
   });
 
+  const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
+
   const { bypassOnce, dialog: unsavedChangesDialog } = useUnsavedChangesGuard(isDirty || requirements.length > 0);
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -69,7 +83,8 @@ export default function AddUnit() {
   // click at Requirements (the last step), which is purely a draft form
   // until now.
   const handleCreate = async () => {
-    const result = await createUnit(courseId, { ...getValues(), createdBy: user?.user_id });
+    const values = getValues();
+    const result = await createUnit(courseId, { ...values, subscription: values.subscription || defaultTierSlug, createdBy: user?.user_id });
     const newUnitId = result?.data?.data?.unit_id;
     if (!newUnitId) return;
 
@@ -178,6 +193,28 @@ export default function AddUnit() {
                       <Label htmlFor="order">Order</Label>
                       <Input id="order" type="number" min={0} {...register("order")} />
                     </div>
+
+                    <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                      <Label>Subscription</Label>
+                      <Select
+                        value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+                        onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+                      >
+                        <SelectTrigger>
+                          <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
+                        </SelectTrigger>
+                        <SelectContent>
+                          {tierCategories.map((c) => (
+                            <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
+                              {c.name}
+                            </SelectItem>
+                          ))}
+                        </SelectContent>
+                      </Select>
+                      <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                        Optional. Gates this unit directly, independent of the course it's attached to.
+                      </p>
+                    </div>
                   </div>
                 )}
 
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/EditUnit.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/EditUnit.jsx
index c5eb928..af5d949 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/EditUnit.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/courses/units/EditUnit.jsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { useState, useEffect } from "react";
 import { useNavigate, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
-import { useForm } from "react-hook-form";
+import { useForm, useWatch } from "react-hook-form";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";
 import { ArrowLeft, House } from "lucide-react";
@@ -8,11 +8,15 @@ import { ArrowLeft, House } from "lucide-react";
 import { useCourses } from "@/contexts/AdminCoursesContext";
 import { useAuth } from "@/contexts/AuthContext";
 import { PageMeta } from "@/contexts/MetadataContext";
+import api from "@/utils/api.util";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Input } from "@/components/ui/input";
 import { Label } from "@/components/ui/label";
 import { Textarea } from "@/components/ui/textarea";
 import { Spinner } from "@/components/ui/spinner";
+import {
+  Select, SelectContent, SelectItem, SelectTrigger, SelectValue,
+} from "@/components/ui/select";
 import { useUnsavedChangesGuard } from "@/hooks/useUnsavedChangesGuard";
 import CompletionRequirementBuilder from "@/modules/admin/components/courses/CompletionRequirementBuilder";
 
@@ -20,6 +24,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
   title: z.string().min(1, "Title is required."),
   description: z.string().optional(),
   order: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
+  subscription: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
 function FieldError({ message }) {
@@ -34,11 +39,21 @@ export default function EditUnit() {
   const { user } = useAuth();
   const navigate = useNavigate();
 
-  const { register, handleSubmit, reset, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
+  const [tierCategories, setTierCategories] = useState([]);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    api.get("/admin/tiers/categories")
+      .then(({ data }) => setTierCategories((data.data ?? []).filter((c) => c.is_active)))
+      .catch(() => {});
+  }, []);
+
+  const { register, handleSubmit, reset, control, setValue, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
     resolver: zodResolver(schema),
-    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0 },
+    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", order: 0, subscription: "free" },
   });
 
+  const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
+
   useEffect(() => {
     (async () => {
       const res = await fetchUnit(courseId, unitId);
@@ -48,6 +63,7 @@ export default function EditUnit() {
         title: unit.title ?? "",
         description: unit.description ?? "",
         order: unit.order ?? 0,
+        subscription: unit.subscription || defaultTierSlug,
       });
       setUnitTitle(unit.title ?? "");
     })();
@@ -61,7 +77,7 @@ export default function EditUnit() {
 
   const onSubmit = async (data) => {
     if (!isDirty) { bypassOnce(); return navigate(`/admin/courses/${courseId}/units/${unitId}/view`); }
-    const result = await updateUnit(courseId, unitId, { ...data, updatedBy: user?.user_id });
+    const result = await updateUnit(courseId, unitId, { ...data, subscription: data.subscription || defaultTierSlug, updatedBy: user?.user_id });
     if (!result) return;
     bypassOnce();
     navigate(`/admin/courses/${courseId}/units/${unitId}/view`);
@@ -105,6 +121,28 @@ export default function EditUnit() {
                 <Input id="order" type="number" min={0} {...register("order")} />
               </div>
 
+              <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                <Label>Subscription</Label>
+                <Select
+                  value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+                  onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+                >
+                  <SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
+                  </SelectTrigger>
+                  <SelectContent>
+                    {tierCategories.map((c) => (
+                      <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
+                        {c.name}
+                      </SelectItem>
+                    ))}
+                  </SelectContent>
+                </Select>
+                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                  Optional. Gates this unit directly, independent of the course it's attached to.
+                </p>
+              </div>
+
             </div>
 
             <div className="flex justify-end gap-3">
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/AddLibraryLesson.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/AddLibraryLesson.jsx
index 90f5f94..24ee415 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/AddLibraryLesson.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/AddLibraryLesson.jsx
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
   blocks: z.array(z.any()).optional(),
 });
 
-const DEFAULT_VALUES = { title: "", description: "", subscription: "", blocks: [] };
+const DEFAULT_VALUES = { title: "", description: "", subscription: "free", blocks: [] };
 
 const STEPS = [
   { id: 0, label: "Lesson",       icon: FileText },
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ function FieldError({ message }) {
 // ─── Step 1 — Lesson ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 function StepLesson({ register, errors, control, setValue, tierCategories }) {
   const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
 
   return (
     <div className="space-y-5">
@@ -82,14 +83,13 @@ function StepLesson({ register, errors, control, setValue, tierCategories }) {
       <div className="space-y-1.5">
         <Label>Subscription</Label>
         <Select
-          value={watchedSubscr || "__open"}
-          onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val === "__open" ? "" : val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+          value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+          onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
         >
           <SelectTrigger>
             <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
           </SelectTrigger>
           <SelectContent>
-            <SelectItem value="__open">No tier gate (open)</SelectItem>
             {tierCategories.map((c) => (
               <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
                 {c.name}
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ function StepReview({ data, attachUnitId, requirements, tierCategories }) {
         </div>
         <SummaryRow label="Title" value={data.title} />
         <SummaryRow label="Description" value={data.description} />
-        <SummaryRow label="Subscription" value={tierName || "No tier gate (open)"} />
+        <SummaryRow label="Subscription" value={tierName || "Free"} />
         <SummaryRow label="Page content" value={`${(data.blocks ?? []).length} block(s)`} />
         {attachUnitId && <SummaryRow label="Attaches to" value="The unit you came from" />}
       </div>
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ export default function AddLibraryLesson() {
     const result = await createLesson({
       title: data.title,
       description: data.description || null,
-      subscription: data.subscription || null,
+      subscription: data.subscription || (tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free"),
       ...(attachUnitId ? { unit_id: attachUnitId } : {}),
       createdBy: user?.user_id,
     });
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/EditLibraryLesson.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/EditLibraryLesson.jsx
index 7814284..aab8481 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/EditLibraryLesson.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/lessons/EditLibraryLesson.jsx
@@ -49,12 +49,13 @@ export default function EditLibraryLesson() {
 
   const { register, handleSubmit, reset, control, setValue, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
     resolver: zodResolver(schema),
-    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", subscription: "" },
+    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", subscription: "free" },
   });
 
   const { bypassOnce, dialog: unsavedChangesDialog } = useUnsavedChangesGuard(isDirty);
 
   const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
 
   useEffect(() => {
     fetchLesson(lessonId);
@@ -62,12 +63,12 @@ export default function EditLibraryLesson() {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (lesson && String(lesson.lesson_id) === String(lessonId)) {
-      reset({ title: lesson.title ?? "", description: lesson.description ?? "", subscription: lesson.subscription ?? "" });
+      reset({ title: lesson.title ?? "", description: lesson.description ?? "", subscription: lesson.subscription || defaultTierSlug });
     }
   }, [lesson, lessonId, reset]);
 
   const onSubmit = async (data) => {
-    const result = await updateLesson(lessonId, { ...data, subscription: data.subscription || null, updatedBy: user?.user_id });
+    const result = await updateLesson(lessonId, { ...data, subscription: data.subscription || defaultTierSlug, updatedBy: user?.user_id });
     if (!result) return;
     bypassOnce();
     navigate(`/admin/lessons/${lessonId}/view`);
@@ -108,14 +109,13 @@ export default function EditLibraryLesson() {
               <div className="space-y-1.5">
                 <Label>Subscription</Label>
                 <Select
-                  value={watchedSubscr || "__open"}
-                  onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val === "__open" ? "" : val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+                  value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+                  onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
                 >
                   <SelectTrigger>
                     <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
                   </SelectTrigger>
                   <SelectContent>
-                    <SelectItem value="__open">No tier gate (open)</SelectItem>
                     {tierCategories.map((c) => (
                       <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
                         {c.name}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/AddLibraryUnit.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/AddLibraryUnit.jsx
index 53956f2..930aa28 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/AddLibraryUnit.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/AddLibraryUnit.jsx
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
 const DEFAULT_VALUES = {
   title: "",
   description: "",
-  subscription: "",
+  subscription: "free",
   lessons: [],
 };
 
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ function FieldError({ message }) {
 // ─── Step 1 — Create Unit ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 function StepUnit({ register, errors, control, setValue, tierCategories }) {
   const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
 
   return (
     <div className="space-y-5">
@@ -102,14 +103,13 @@ function StepUnit({ register, errors, control, setValue, tierCategories }) {
       <div className="space-y-1.5">
         <Label>Subscription</Label>
         <Select
-          value={watchedSubscr || "__open"}
-          onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val === "__open" ? "" : val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+          value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+          onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
         >
           <SelectTrigger>
             <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
           </SelectTrigger>
           <SelectContent>
-            <SelectItem value="__open">No tier gate (open)</SelectItem>
             {tierCategories.map((c) => (
               <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
                 {c.name}
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ function StepReview({ data, tierCategories, requirements, existingLessons }) {
         </div>
         <SummaryRow label="Title" value={data.title} />
         <SummaryRow label="Description" value={data.description} />
-        <SummaryRow label="Subscription" value={tierName || "No tier gate (open)"} />
+        <SummaryRow label="Subscription" value={tierName || "Free"} />
       </div>
 
       {existingLessons.length > 0 && (
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ export default function AddLibraryUnit() {
     const payload = {
       title: data.title,
       description: data.description || null,
-      subscription: data.subscription || null,
+      subscription: data.subscription || (tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free"),
       lessons: (data.lessons ?? []).map((l) => ({
         title: l.title,
         description: l.description || null,
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/EditLibraryUnit.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/EditLibraryUnit.jsx
index 60d1dcb..5411ec9 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/EditLibraryUnit.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/library/units/EditLibraryUnit.jsx
@@ -49,12 +49,13 @@ export default function EditLibraryUnit() {
 
   const { register, handleSubmit, reset, control, setValue, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
     resolver: zodResolver(schema),
-    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", subscription: "" },
+    defaultValues: { title: "", description: "", subscription: "free" },
   });
 
   const { bypassOnce, dialog: unsavedChangesDialog } = useUnsavedChangesGuard(isDirty);
 
   const watchedSubscr = useWatch({ control, name: "subscription" });
+  const defaultTierSlug = tierCategories.find((c) => c.is_default)?.slug || "free";
 
   useEffect(() => {
     fetchUnit(unitId);
@@ -62,12 +63,12 @@ export default function EditLibraryUnit() {
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (unit && String(unit.unit_id) === String(unitId)) {
-      reset({ title: unit.title ?? "", description: unit.description ?? "", subscription: unit.subscription ?? "" });
+      reset({ title: unit.title ?? "", description: unit.description ?? "", subscription: unit.subscription || defaultTierSlug });
     }
   }, [unit, unitId, reset]);
 
   const onSubmit = async (data) => {
-    const result = await updateUnit(unitId, { ...data, subscription: data.subscription || null, updatedBy: user?.user_id });
+    const result = await updateUnit(unitId, { ...data, subscription: data.subscription || defaultTierSlug, updatedBy: user?.user_id });
     if (!result) return;
     bypassOnce();
     navigate(`/admin/units/${unitId}/view`);
@@ -108,14 +109,13 @@ export default function EditLibraryUnit() {
               <div className="space-y-1.5">
                 <Label>Subscription</Label>
                 <Select
-                  value={watchedSubscr || "__open"}
-                  onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val === "__open" ? "" : val, { shouldDirty: true })}
+                  value={watchedSubscr || defaultTierSlug}
+                  onValueChange={(val) => setValue("subscription", val, { shouldDirty: true })}
                 >
                   <SelectTrigger>
                     <SelectValue placeholder="No tier gate" />
                   </SelectTrigger>
                   <SelectContent>
-                    <SelectItem value="__open">No tier gate (open)</SelectItem>
                     {tierCategories.map((c) => (
                       <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>
                         {c.name}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/task_list/CreateTaskList.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/task_list/CreateTaskList.jsx
index 9146508..8344846 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/task_list/CreateTaskList.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/task_list/CreateTaskList.jsx
@@ -17,10 +17,9 @@ import { ArrowLeft, ChevronRight, ChevronLeft, Check, FileText, Users, ListCheck
 
 // ─── Steps ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 const STEPS = [
-    { id: 0, label: 'Details',       icon: FileText },
-    { id: 1, label: 'Assign Groups', icon: Users },
-    { id: 2, label: 'Tasks',         icon: ListChecks },
-    { id: 3, label: 'Review',        icon: ClipboardList },
+    { id: 0, label: 'Details & Groups', icon: FileText },
+    { id: 1, label: 'Tasks',            icon: ListChecks },
+    { id: 2, label: 'Review',           icon: ClipboardList },
 ];
 
 // ─── Summary row ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ export default function CreateTaskList() {
                     <CardContent className="space-y-4 min-h-[280px]">
                         <h2 className="text-base font-medium">{STEPS[step].label}</h2>
 
-                        {/* ── Step 1: Details ── */}
+                        {/* ── Step 1: Details & Groups ── */}
                         {step === 0 && (
                             <div className="space-y-4">
                                 <div className="space-y-3">
@@ -204,33 +203,30 @@ export default function CreateTaskList() {
                                         rows={3}
                                     />
                                 </div>
+
+                                <div className="space-y-3 border-t border-border pt-4">
+                                    <Label>Assign to Groups <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
+                                    <GroupMultiSelect
+                                        value={selectedGroupIds}
+                                        onChange={setSelectedGroupIds}
+                                        disabled={loading}
+                                        placeholder="Select groups to assign…"
+                                    />
+                                    {selectedGroupIds.length === 0 ? (
+                                        <p className="text-xs text-destructive">
+                                            Select at least one group to continue.
+                                        </p>
+                                    ) : (
+                                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                                            Members of selected groups will be able to see and complete this task list.
+                                        </p>
+                                    )}
+                                </div>
                             </div>
                         )}
 
-                        {/* ── Step 2: Assign Groups ── */}
+                        {/* ── Step 2: Tasks ── */}
                         {step === 1 && (
-                            <div className="space-y-3">
-                                <Label>Assign to Groups <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
-                                <GroupMultiSelect
-                                    value={selectedGroupIds}
-                                    onChange={setSelectedGroupIds}
-                                    disabled={loading}
-                                    placeholder="Select groups to assign…"
-                                />
-                                {selectedGroupIds.length === 0 ? (
-                                    <p className="text-xs text-destructive">
-                                        Select at least one group to continue.
-                                    </p>
-                                ) : (
-                                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                                        Members of selected groups will be able to see and complete this task list.
-                                    </p>
-                                )}
-                            </div>
-                        )}
-
-                        {/* ── Step 3: Tasks ── */}
-                        {step === 2 && (
                             <div className="space-y-3">
                                 <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-1">
                                     Optionally add the tasks users will need to complete for this task list.
@@ -245,8 +241,8 @@ export default function CreateTaskList() {
                             </div>
                         )}
 
-                        {/* ── Step 4: Review ── */}
-                        {step === 3 && (
+                        {/* ── Step 3: Review ── */}
+                        {step === 2 && (
                             <div className="space-y-4">
                                 <div className="border border-border rounded-lg p-4 space-y-1">
                                     <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2">
@@ -313,7 +309,7 @@ export default function CreateTaskList() {
                         <Button
                             type="button"
                             onClick={handleNext}
-                            disabled={step === 1 && selectedGroupIds.length === 0}
+                            disabled={step === 0 && selectedGroupIds.length === 0}
                         >
                             Next
                             <ChevronRight className="h-4 w-4 ml-1" />
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/AddPlan.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/AddPlan.jsx
index 757f244..8bfe25f 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/AddPlan.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/AddPlan.jsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { useNavigate } from "react-router-dom";
 import { useForm, useFieldArray } from "react-hook-form";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";
-import { ArrowLeft, ArrowRight, Check, House, Plus, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
+import { ArrowLeft, ArrowRight, Check, House, Plus, Trash2, BookOpen, Layers, FileText } from "lucide-react";
 import { useTiers } from "@/contexts/AdminTiersContext";
 import { useAuth } from "@/contexts/AuthContext";
 import AppBreadcrumb from "@/components/generic/Breadcrumb/AppBreadcrumb";
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import { UnitPicker } from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/UnitPicker";
 import { LessonPicker } from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/LessonPicker";
 import { CurrencyPicker } from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/CurrencyPicker";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
+import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 import { useUnsavedChangesGuard } from "@/hooks/useUnsavedChangesGuard";
 
 // ─── Schema ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -38,6 +39,12 @@ const DURATION_UNIT_LIMITS = {
     month:  { max: 11, nextLabel: "Year(s)",  factor: 12 },
 };
 
+const BUNDLE_TYPES = [
+    { value: "course", label: "Course",  icon: BookOpen },
+    { value: "unit",   label: "Units",   icon: Layers },
+    { value: "lesson", label: "Lessons", icon: FileText },
+];
+
 const schema = z.object({
     tier_category_id: z.string().min(1, "Tier category is required."),
     label:            z.string().min(1, "Label is required."),
@@ -47,6 +54,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
     duration_unit:    z.string().min(1),
     price:            z.coerce.number().min(0.01, "Price must be greater than 0."),
     currency:         z.string().length(3, "Must be a 3-letter currency code.").default("USD"),
+    status:           z.enum(["draft", "published"]).default("draft"),
 }).superRefine(({ duration_value, duration_unit }, ctx) => {
     const rule = DURATION_UNIT_LIMITS[duration_unit];
     if (rule && duration_value > rule.max) {
@@ -76,9 +84,9 @@ function SectionCard({ title, children }) {
 // ─── Steps config ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 const STEPS = [
-    { label: "Category & Label",  description: "Tier category, label & description" },
+    { label: "Bundles & Details",  description: "What this unlocks, plus its label & description"   },
     { label: "Duration & Pricing", description: "Billing period, price & currency"   },
-    { label: "Bundles",  description: "Choose which courses, units & lessons this unlocks"   },
+    { label: "Review", description: "Confirm everything before creating"   },
 ];
 
 function StepIndicator({ steps, current, maxStepReached, onStepClick }) {
@@ -134,6 +142,48 @@ function StepIndicator({ steps, current, maxStepReached, onStepClick }) {
     );
 }
 
+// ─── Review step ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Read-only summary — no inline editing here. Go back a step to change
+// something. Re-fetches the by-subscription item list to resolve titles for
+// whichever ids are selected (the pickers don't expose their loaded list
+// upward, so this is the simplest way to show names instead of just counts).
+function BundleReviewList({ bundleType, categorySlug, selectedIds }) {
+    const [items, setItems] = useState([]);
+    const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
+
+    const endpoint = {
+        course: "/admin/courses/by-subscription",
+        unit:   "/admin/units/by-subscription",
+        lesson: "/admin/lessons/by-subscription",
+    }[bundleType];
+    const idKey = { course: "course_id", unit: "unit_id", lesson: "lesson_id" }[bundleType];
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!categorySlug || !endpoint) { setItems([]); return; }
+        setLoading(true);
+        api.get(`${endpoint}?slug=${encodeURIComponent(categorySlug)}`)
+            .then(({ data }) => setItems(data.data ?? []))
+            .catch(() => setItems([]))
+            .finally(() => setLoading(false));
+    }, [categorySlug, endpoint]);
+
+    if (loading) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Loading selected items…</p>;
+
+    const selected = items.filter((i) => selectedIds.has(String(i[idKey])));
+
+    if (selected.length === 0) {
+        return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">No items selected.</p>;
+    }
+
+    return (
+        <ul className="text-sm space-y-1 list-disc list-inside">
+            {selected.map((i) => (
+                <li key={i[idKey]}>{i.title}</li>
+            ))}
+        </ul>
+    );
+}
+
 // ─── Page ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 export default function AddPlan() {
@@ -146,12 +196,10 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
     const [categories,        setCategories]        = useState([]);
     const [catLoading,        setCatLoading]        = useState(true);
     const [currencies,        setCurrencies]        = useState([]);
+    const [bundleType,        setBundleType]        = useState("course");
     const [selectedCourseIds, setSelectedCourseIds] = useState(new Set());
-    const [courseConflicts,   setCourseConflicts]   = useState(0);
     const [selectedUnitIds,   setSelectedUnitIds]   = useState(new Set());
-    const [unitConflicts,     setUnitConflicts]     = useState(0);
     const [selectedLessonIds, setSelectedLessonIds] = useState(new Set());
-    const [lessonConflicts,   setLessonConflicts]   = useState(0);
 
     useEffect(() => {
         api.get("/admin/tiers/categories")
@@ -165,7 +213,7 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
 
     const { register, handleSubmit, trigger, setValue, watch, control, formState: { errors, isDirty } } = useForm({
         resolver: zodResolver(schema),
-        defaultValues: { tier_category_id: "", label: "", description: "", features: [], duration_value: 30, duration_unit: "day", price: "", currency: "USD" },
+        defaultValues: { tier_category_id: "", label: "", description: "", features: [], duration_value: 30, duration_unit: "day", price: "", currency: "USD", status: "draft" },
     });
 
     const { fields: featureFields, append: appendFeature, remove: removeFeature, insert: insertFeature } =
@@ -192,25 +240,35 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
     );
 
     const selectedCategoryId = watch("tier_category_id");
+    const selectedCategory = useMemo(
+        () => categories.find((c) => String(c.tier_category_id) === selectedCategoryId) ?? null,
+        [selectedCategoryId, categories]
+    );
 
     // Derive the subscription slug from the chosen category
-    const categorySlug = useMemo(() => {
-        if (!selectedCategoryId) return null;
-        return categories.find((c) => String(c.tier_category_id) === selectedCategoryId)?.slug ?? null;
-    }, [selectedCategoryId, categories]);
+    const categorySlug = selectedCategory?.slug ?? null;
 
-    // Reset pickers when category changes
+    // Reset all bundle selections when category changes
     useEffect(() => {
         setSelectedCourseIds(new Set());
-        setCourseConflicts(0);
         setSelectedUnitIds(new Set());
-        setUnitConflicts(0);
         setSelectedLessonIds(new Set());
-        setLessonConflicts(0);
     }, [categorySlug]);
 
+    // A bundle is single-type — switching type clears whatever the other
+    // types held selected, so at most one of the three sets is ever non-empty.
+    const handleBundleTypeChange = (type) => {
+        if (type === bundleType) return;
+        setBundleType(type);
+        setSelectedCourseIds(new Set());
+        setSelectedUnitIds(new Set());
+        setSelectedLessonIds(new Set());
+    };
+
+    const activeSelectedIds = { course: selectedCourseIds, unit: selectedUnitIds, lesson: selectedLessonIds }[bundleType];
+
     const STEP_FIELDS = [
-        ["tier_category_id", "label", "description", "features"],
+        ["tier_category_id", "label", "description", "features", "status"],
         ["duration_value", "duration_unit", "price", "currency"],
         [],
     ];
@@ -224,7 +282,7 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
     };
 
     // Only allow jumping via the indicator to steps already reached through Next —
-    // prevents landing on "Assigned Courses" before a category is picked.
+    // prevents landing on a later step before its prerequisites are filled in.
     const handleStepClick = (i) => {
         if (i <= maxStepReached) setCurrentStep(i);
     };
@@ -233,20 +291,23 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
         const result = await createPlan({ ...values, createdBy: user?.user_id });
         if (!result) return;
 
-        // Sync selected bundles
-        if (selectedCourseIds.size > 0) {
-            await api.post(`/admin/tiers/plans/${result.plan_id}/courses`, {
-                course_ids: [...selectedCourseIds].map(Number),
+        // Single-type bundle — only the active type ever holds selections, so
+        // only one of these sync calls actually has anything to send.
+        // IDs stay strings — these are 19-digit BIGINTs, and Number() silently
+        // truncates past Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER (see BigInt precision-loss bug).
+        if (bundleType === "course" && selectedCourseIds.size > 0) {
+            await api.post(`/admin/tiers/${result.plan_id}/courses`, {
+                course_ids: [...selectedCourseIds],
             }).catch(() => {});
         }
-        if (selectedUnitIds.size > 0) {
-            await api.post(`/admin/tiers/plans/${result.plan_id}/units`, {
-                unit_ids: [...selectedUnitIds].map(Number),
+        if (bundleType === "unit" && selectedUnitIds.size > 0) {
+            await api.post(`/admin/tiers/${result.plan_id}/units`, {
+                unit_ids: [...selectedUnitIds],
             }).catch(() => {});
         }
-        if (selectedLessonIds.size > 0) {
-            await api.post(`/admin/tiers/plans/${result.plan_id}/lessons`, {
-                lesson_ids: [...selectedLessonIds].map(Number),
+        if (bundleType === "lesson" && selectedLessonIds.size > 0) {
+            await api.post(`/admin/tiers/${result.plan_id}/lessons`, {
+                lesson_ids: [...selectedLessonIds],
             }).catch(() => {});
         }
 
@@ -282,9 +343,9 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
 
                     <form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)} className="space-y-5">
 
-                        {/* ── Step 0: Category & Label ── */}
+                        {/* ── Step 0: Bundles & Details ── */}
                         {currentStep === 0 && (
-                            <SectionCard title="Category & Label" description="Which tier category this plan belongs to, and how it's presented.">
+                            <SectionCard title="Bundles & Details" description="Which tier category this targets, what it unlocks, and how it's presented.">
 
                                 <div className="space-y-1.5">
                                     <Label>Tier Category <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
@@ -318,60 +379,130 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
                                     <FieldError message={errors.tier_category_id?.message} />
                                 </div>
 
-                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                                    <Label htmlFor="label">Label <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
-                                    <Input id="label" placeholder="e.g. Premium – 1 Month" {...register("label")} />
-                                    <FieldError message={errors.label?.message} />
-                                </div>
-
-                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                                    <Label htmlFor="description">Description</Label>
-                                    <Textarea
-                                        id="description"
-                                        placeholder="Brief description shown to users on the plans page."
-                                        rows={3}
-                                        {...register("description")}
-                                    />
-                                    <FieldError message={errors.description?.message} />
-                                </div>
-
-                                <div className="space-y-2">
-                                    <Label>What's included</Label>
-                                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-1">
-                                        Bullet points shown on the plans page and the comparison table.
-                                    </p>
-                                    {featureFields.map((field, index) => (
-                                        <div key={field.id} className="flex items-start gap-2">
-                                            <div className="flex-1 space-y-1">
-                                                <Input
-                                                    placeholder={`e.g. Access to all Premium courses`}
-                                                    onPaste={(e) => handleFeaturePaste(e, index)}
-                                                    {...register(`features.${index}.text`)}
-                                                />
-                                                <FieldError message={errors.features?.[index]?.text?.message} />
+                                {categorySlug && (
+                                    <>
+                                        <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                            <Label>Content Type <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
+                                            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-1">
+                                                A bundle unlocks exactly one content type — pick which.
+                                            </p>
+                                            <div className="flex gap-2">
+                                                {BUNDLE_TYPES.map(({ value, label, icon: Icon }) => (
+                                                    <Button
+                                                        key={value}
+                                                        type="button"
+                                                        size="sm"
+                                                        variant={bundleType === value ? "default" : "outline"}
+                                                        onClick={() => handleBundleTypeChange(value)}
+                                                        className={cn("flex-1")}
+                                                    >
+                                                        <Icon className="size-3.5 mr-1.5" />
+                                                        {label}
+                                                    </Button>
+                                                ))}
                                             </div>
+                                        </div>
+
+                                        <div className="border-t pt-5">
+                                            {bundleType === "course" && (
+                                                <CoursePicker
+                                                    subscription={categorySlug}
+                                                    selectedIds={selectedCourseIds}
+                                                    onChange={setSelectedCourseIds}
+                                                />
+                                            )}
+                                            {bundleType === "unit" && (
+                                                <UnitPicker
+                                                    subscription={categorySlug}
+                                                    selectedIds={selectedUnitIds}
+                                                    onChange={setSelectedUnitIds}
+                                                />
+                                            )}
+                                            {bundleType === "lesson" && (
+                                                <LessonPicker
+                                                    subscription={categorySlug}
+                                                    selectedIds={selectedLessonIds}
+                                                    onChange={setSelectedLessonIds}
+                                                />
+                                            )}
+                                        </div>
+
+                                        <div className="border-t pt-5 space-y-1.5">
+                                            <Label htmlFor="label">Label <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
+                                            <Input id="label" placeholder="e.g. Premium – 1 Month" {...register("label")} />
+                                            <FieldError message={errors.label?.message} />
+                                        </div>
+
+                                        <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                            <Label htmlFor="description">Description</Label>
+                                            <Textarea
+                                                id="description"
+                                                placeholder="Brief description shown to users on the plans page."
+                                                rows={3}
+                                                {...register("description")}
+                                            />
+                                            <FieldError message={errors.description?.message} />
+                                        </div>
+
+                                        <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                            <Label>Status</Label>
+                                            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-1">
+                                                Draft plans are hidden from the public Plans page entirely — publish when ready to sell.
+                                            </p>
+                                            <Select
+                                                value={watch("status") ?? "draft"}
+                                                onValueChange={(v) => setValue("status", v, { shouldDirty: true })}
+                                            >
+                                                <SelectTrigger>
+                                                    <SelectValue placeholder="Select status" />
+                                                </SelectTrigger>
+                                                <SelectContent>
+                                                    <SelectItem value="draft">Draft</SelectItem>
+                                                    <SelectItem value="published">Published</SelectItem>
+                                                </SelectContent>
+                                            </Select>
+                                            <FieldError message={errors.status?.message} />
+                                        </div>
+
+                                        <div className="space-y-2">
+                                            <Label>What's included</Label>
+                                            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-1">
+                                                Bullet points shown on the plans page and the comparison table.
+                                            </p>
+                                            {featureFields.map((field, index) => (
+                                                <div key={field.id} className="flex items-start gap-2">
+                                                    <div className="flex-1 space-y-1">
+                                                        <Input
+                                                            placeholder={`e.g. Access to all Premium courses`}
+                                                            onPaste={(e) => handleFeaturePaste(e, index)}
+                                                            {...register(`features.${index}.text`)}
+                                                        />
+                                                        <FieldError message={errors.features?.[index]?.text?.message} />
+                                                    </div>
+                                                    <Button
+                                                        type="button"
+                                                        variant="ghost"
+                                                        size="icon"
+                                                        className="mt-0.5 text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive"
+                                                        onClick={() => removeFeature(index)}
+                                                    >
+                                                        <Trash2 className="h-4 w-4" />
+                                                    </Button>
+                                                </div>
+                                            ))}
                                             <Button
                                                 type="button"
-                                                variant="ghost"
-                                                size="icon"
-                                                className="mt-0.5 text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive"
-                                                onClick={() => removeFeature(index)}
+                                                variant="outline"
+                                                size="sm"
+                                                className="w-full"
+                                                onClick={() => appendFeature({ text: "" })}
                                             >
-                                                <Trash2 className="h-4 w-4" />
+                                                <Plus className="h-4 w-4 mr-2" />
+                                                Add Feature
                                             </Button>
                                         </div>
-                                    ))}
-                                    <Button
-                                        type="button"
-                                        variant="outline"
-                                        size="sm"
-                                        className="w-full"
-                                        onClick={() => appendFeature({ text: "" })}
-                                    >
-                                        <Plus className="h-4 w-4 mr-2" />
-                                        Add Feature
-                                    </Button>
-                                </div>
+                                    </>
+                                )}
                             </SectionCard>
                         )}
 
@@ -424,31 +555,68 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
                             </SectionCard>
                         )}
 
-                        {/* ── Step 2: Bundles ── */}
+                        {/* ── Step 2: Review ── */}
                         {currentStep === 2 && (
-                            <SectionCard title="Bundles" description="Choose which courses, units, and lessons this plan unlocks.">
-                                <CoursePicker
-                                    subscription={categorySlug}
-                                    selectedIds={selectedCourseIds}
-                                    onChange={setSelectedCourseIds}
-                                    onConflictsChange={setCourseConflicts}
-                                />
-                                <div className="border-t pt-5">
-                                    <UnitPicker
-                                        subscription={categorySlug}
-                                        selectedIds={selectedUnitIds}
-                                        onChange={setSelectedUnitIds}
-                                        onConflictsChange={setUnitConflicts}
-                                    />
+                            <SectionCard title="Review" description="Confirm everything before creating this plan.">
+
+                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                    <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Tier Category</Label>
+                                    <p className="text-sm">
+                                        {selectedCategory ? `${selectedCategory.name} (${selectedCategory.slug})` : "—"}
+                                    </p>
                                 </div>
-                                <div className="border-t pt-5">
-                                    <LessonPicker
-                                        subscription={categorySlug}
-                                        selectedIds={selectedLessonIds}
-                                        onChange={setSelectedLessonIds}
-                                        onConflictsChange={setLessonConflicts}
-                                    />
+
+                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                    <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                                        Bundle — {BUNDLE_TYPES.find((t) => t.value === bundleType)?.label}
+                                        {" "}({activeSelectedIds.size} selected)
+                                    </Label>
+                                    <BundleReviewList bundleType={bundleType} categorySlug={categorySlug} selectedIds={activeSelectedIds} />
                                 </div>
+
+                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                    <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Label</Label>
+                                    <p className="text-sm">{watch("label") || "—"}</p>
+                                </div>
+
+                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                    <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Status</Label>
+                                    <p className="text-sm capitalize">{watch("status") || "draft"}</p>
+                                </div>
+
+                                {watch("description") && (
+                                    <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                        <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Description</Label>
+                                        <p className="text-sm">{watch("description")}</p>
+                                    </div>
+                                )}
+
+                                {featureFields.length > 0 && (
+                                    <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                        <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">What's included</Label>
+                                        <ul className="text-sm space-y-1 list-disc list-inside">
+                                            {watch("features")?.map((f, i) => (
+                                                <li key={i}>{f.text}</li>
+                                            ))}
+                                        </ul>
+                                    </div>
+                                )}
+
+                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                    <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Duration</Label>
+                                    <p className="text-sm">
+                                        {watch("duration_value")} {DURATION_UNITS.find((u) => u.value === watch("duration_unit"))?.label ?? watch("duration_unit")}
+                                    </p>
+                                </div>
+
+                                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                                    <Label className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">Price</Label>
+                                    <p className="text-sm">{watch("price")} {watch("currency")}</p>
+                                </div>
+
+                                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                                    Go back a step to change anything above.
+                                </p>
                             </SectionCard>
                         )}
 
@@ -471,7 +639,7 @@ export default function AddPlan() {
                                 <Button
                                     type="button"
                                     onClick={handleSubmit(onSubmit)}
-                                    disabled={loading || catLoading || !selectedCategoryId || courseConflicts > 0 || unitConflicts > 0 || lessonConflicts > 0}
+                                    disabled={loading || catLoading || !selectedCategoryId}
                                 >
                                     {loading && <Spinner className="h-4 w-4 mr-2" />}
                                     Create Plan
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditPlan.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditPlan.jsx
index 3822cf3..5f2de28 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditPlan.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditPlan.jsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { useNavigate, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
 import { useForm, useFieldArray } from "react-hook-form";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { zodResolver } from "@hookform/resolvers/zod";
-import { ArrowLeft, House, TriangleAlert, Plus, Trash2 } from "lucide-react";
+import { ArrowLeft, House, TriangleAlert, Plus, Trash2, BookOpen, Layers, FileText } from "lucide-react";
 import { useTiers } from "@/contexts/AdminTiersContext";
 import { useAuth } from "@/contexts/AuthContext";
 import AppBreadcrumb from "@/components/generic/Breadcrumb/AppBreadcrumb";
@@ -22,8 +22,15 @@ import { UnitPicker } from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/UnitPicker";
 import { LessonPicker } from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/LessonPicker";
 import { CurrencyPicker } from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/CurrencyPicker";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
+import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
 import { useUnsavedChangesGuard } from "@/hooks/useUnsavedChangesGuard";
 
+const BUNDLE_TYPES = [
+  { value: "course", label: "Course",  icon: BookOpen },
+  { value: "unit",   label: "Units",   icon: Layers },
+  { value: "lesson", label: "Lessons", icon: FileText },
+];
+
 const DURATION_UNITS = [
   { value: "minute", label: "Minute(s)" },
   { value: "hour",   label: "Hour(s)" },
@@ -55,6 +62,7 @@ const schema = z.object({
   price:          z.coerce.number().min(0.01, "Price must be greater than 0."),
   currency:       z.string().length(3),
   is_active:      z.boolean().default(true),
+  status:         z.enum(["draft", "published"]).default("draft"),
 }).superRefine(({ duration_value, duration_unit }, ctx) => {
   const rule = DURATION_UNIT_LIMITS[duration_unit];
   if (rule && duration_value > rule.max) {
@@ -90,13 +98,11 @@ export default function EditPlan() {
 
   const [selectedCourseIds,   setSelectedCourseIds]   = useState(new Set());
   const [coursesLoaded,       setCoursesLoaded]       = useState(false);
-  const [courseConflicts,     setCourseConflicts]     = useState(0);
   const [selectedUnitIds,     setSelectedUnitIds]     = useState(new Set());
   const [unitsLoaded,         setUnitsLoaded]         = useState(false);
-  const [unitConflicts,       setUnitConflicts]       = useState(0);
   const [selectedLessonIds,   setSelectedLessonIds]   = useState(new Set());
   const [lessonsLoaded,       setLessonsLoaded]       = useState(false);
-  const [lessonConflicts,     setLessonConflicts]     = useState(0);
+  const [bundleType,          setBundleType]          = useState(null); // null until auto-detected from preload
   const [currencies,          setCurrencies]          = useState([]);
   const [impactDialog,        setImpactDialog]        = useState(false);
   const [impactCount,         setImpactCount]         = useState(0);
@@ -144,6 +150,7 @@ export default function EditPlan() {
         price:          plan.price,
         currency:       plan.currency,
         is_active:      plan.is_active,
+        status:         plan.status ?? "draft",
       });
     }
   }, [plan]);
@@ -183,6 +190,28 @@ export default function EditPlan() {
       .catch(() => setLessonsLoaded(true));
   }, [planId]);
 
+  // A bundle is single-type — auto-detect which type this plan already holds
+  // once all three preloads land, and only ever do this once (afterward,
+  // switching type is a deliberate admin action, not a re-detection).
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (bundleType !== null) return;
+    if (!coursesLoaded || !unitsLoaded || !lessonsLoaded) return;
+    if (selectedCourseIds.size > 0) setBundleType("course");
+    else if (selectedUnitIds.size > 0) setBundleType("unit");
+    else if (selectedLessonIds.size > 0) setBundleType("lesson");
+    else setBundleType("course"); // no items assigned yet — default to Course
+  }, [bundleType, coursesLoaded, unitsLoaded, lessonsLoaded, selectedCourseIds, selectedUnitIds, selectedLessonIds]);
+
+  // Switching type clears whatever the other types held selected, so at most
+  // one of the three sets is ever non-empty going forward.
+  const handleBundleTypeChange = (type) => {
+    if (type === bundleType) return;
+    setBundleType(type);
+    setSelectedCourseIds(new Set());
+    setSelectedUnitIds(new Set());
+    setSelectedLessonIds(new Set());
+  };
+
   const durationChanged = (values) => {
     if (!plan) return false;
     const originalUnit  = plan.duration_unit ?? "day";
@@ -196,14 +225,17 @@ export default function EditPlan() {
   const doSave = async (values) => {
     const result = await updatePlan(planId, { ...values, updatedBy: user?.user_id });
     if (!result) return;
+    // Single-type bundle — sync all three endpoints explicitly (sending an
+    // empty list for the inactive types) so switching bundle type also
+    // clears out whatever the plan previously held under the old type.
     await api.post(`/admin/tiers/${planId}/courses`, {
-      course_ids: [...selectedCourseIds],
+      course_ids: bundleType === "course" ? [...selectedCourseIds] : [],
     }).catch(() => {});
     await api.post(`/admin/tiers/${planId}/units`, {
-      unit_ids: [...selectedUnitIds],
+      unit_ids: bundleType === "unit" ? [...selectedUnitIds] : [],
     }).catch(() => {});
     await api.post(`/admin/tiers/${planId}/lessons`, {
-      lesson_ids: [...selectedLessonIds],
+      lesson_ids: bundleType === "lesson" ? [...selectedLessonIds] : [],
     }).catch(() => {});
     bypassOnce();
     navigate("/admin/tiers/plans");
@@ -365,6 +397,26 @@ export default function EditPlan() {
                   <FieldError message={errors.currency?.message} />
                 </div>
 
+                <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                  <Label>Status</Label>
+                  <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-1">
+                    Draft plans are hidden from the public Plans page entirely. Published plans appear there (Active below still controls whether they can be purchased).
+                  </p>
+                  <Select
+                    value={watch("status") ?? "draft"}
+                    onValueChange={(v) => setValue("status", v, { shouldDirty: true })}
+                  >
+                    <SelectTrigger>
+                      <SelectValue placeholder="Select status" />
+                    </SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectContent>
+                      <SelectItem value="draft">Draft</SelectItem>
+                      <SelectItem value="published">Published</SelectItem>
+                    </SelectContent>
+                  </Select>
+                  <FieldError message={errors.status?.message} />
+                </div>
+
                 <div className="flex items-center justify-between rounded-lg border p-4">
                   <div>
                     <p className="text-sm font-medium">Active</p>
@@ -378,17 +430,8 @@ export default function EditPlan() {
               </SectionCard>
 
               {plan?.tier && (
-                <SectionCard title="Bundles" description="Choose which courses, units, and lessons this plan unlocks.">
-                  {coursesLoaded ? (
-                    <CoursePicker
-                      subscription={plan.tier}
-                      selectedIds={selectedCourseIds}
-                      onChange={setSelectedCourseIds}
-                      isPreloaded={true}
-                      currentPlanId={planId}
-                      onConflictsChange={setCourseConflicts}
-                    />
-                  ) : (
+                <SectionCard title="Bundles" description="Choose which single content type this plan unlocks.">
+                  {bundleType === null || !coursesLoaded || !unitsLoaded || !lessonsLoaded ? (
                     <div className="space-y-3">
                       <div className="flex gap-2">
                         <Skeleton className="h-8 w-36" />
@@ -396,55 +439,61 @@ export default function EditPlan() {
                       </div>
                       <Skeleton className="h-8 w-52" />
                     </div>
+                  ) : (
+                    <>
+                      <div className="space-y-1.5">
+                        <Label>Content Type <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
+                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-1">
+                          A bundle unlocks exactly one content type — pick which.
+                        </p>
+                        <div className="flex gap-2">
+                          {BUNDLE_TYPES.map(({ value, label, icon: Icon }) => (
+                            <Button
+                              key={value}
+                              type="button"
+                              size="sm"
+                              variant={bundleType === value ? "default" : "outline"}
+                              onClick={() => handleBundleTypeChange(value)}
+                              className={cn("flex-1")}
+                            >
+                              <Icon className="size-3.5 mr-1.5" />
+                              {label}
+                            </Button>
+                          ))}
+                        </div>
+                      </div>
+
+                      <div className="border-t pt-5">
+                        {bundleType === "course" && (
+                          <CoursePicker
+                            subscription={plan.tier}
+                            selectedIds={selectedCourseIds}
+                            onChange={setSelectedCourseIds}
+                          />
+                        )}
+                        {bundleType === "unit" && (
+                          <UnitPicker
+                            subscription={plan.tier}
+                            selectedIds={selectedUnitIds}
+                            onChange={setSelectedUnitIds}
+                          />
+                        )}
+                        {bundleType === "lesson" && (
+                          <LessonPicker
+                            subscription={plan.tier}
+                            selectedIds={selectedLessonIds}
+                            onChange={setSelectedLessonIds}
+                          />
+                        )}
+                      </div>
+                    </>
                   )}
-
-                  <div className="border-t pt-5">
-                    {unitsLoaded ? (
-                      <UnitPicker
-                        subscription={plan.tier}
-                        selectedIds={selectedUnitIds}
-                        onChange={setSelectedUnitIds}
-                        isPreloaded={true}
-                        currentPlanId={planId}
-                        onConflictsChange={setUnitConflicts}
-                      />
-                    ) : (
-                      <div className="space-y-3">
-                        <div className="flex gap-2">
-                          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-36" />
-                          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-40" />
-                        </div>
-                        <Skeleton className="h-8 w-52" />
-                      </div>
-                    )}
-                  </div>
-
-                  <div className="border-t pt-5">
-                    {lessonsLoaded ? (
-                      <LessonPicker
-                        subscription={plan.tier}
-                        selectedIds={selectedLessonIds}
-                        onChange={setSelectedLessonIds}
-                        isPreloaded={true}
-                        currentPlanId={planId}
-                        onConflictsChange={setLessonConflicts}
-                      />
-                    ) : (
-                      <div className="space-y-3">
-                        <div className="flex gap-2">
-                          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-36" />
-                          <Skeleton className="h-8 w-40" />
-                        </div>
-                        <Skeleton className="h-8 w-52" />
-                      </div>
-                    )}
-                  </div>
                 </SectionCard>
               )}
 
               <div className="flex justify-end gap-3 pt-1">
                 <Button type="button" variant="outline" onClick={() => navigate("/admin/tiers/plans")} disabled={loading || impactLoading}>Cancel</Button>
-                <Button type="submit" disabled={loading || impactLoading || courseConflicts > 0 || unitConflicts > 0 || lessonConflicts > 0}>
+                <Button type="submit" disabled={loading || impactLoading}>
                   {(loading || impactLoading) && <Spinner className="h-4 w-4 mr-2" />}
                   Save Changes
                 </Button>
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditTierCategory.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditTierCategory.jsx
index 34203d8..44e557a 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditTierCategory.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/EditTierCategory.jsx
@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ function EditTierCategoryInner({ isAdd }) {
     const [badgeIcon,    setBadgeIcon]    = useState(null);
     const [badgeLabel,   setBadgeLabel]   = useState("");
     const [isActive,     setIsActive]     = useState(true);
-    const [isSpecial,    setIsSpecial]    = useState(false);
     const [selectedAsset, setSelectedAsset] = useState(null);
     const [clearBadge,   setClearBadge]   = useState(false);
     const [errors,       setErrors]       = useState({});
@@ -169,7 +168,6 @@ function EditTierCategoryInner({ isAdd }) {
             setBadgeIcon(category.badge_icon ?? null);
             setBadgeLabel(category.badge_label ?? "");
             setIsActive(category.is_active ?? true);
-            setIsSpecial(category.is_special ?? false);
             setSelectedAsset(null);
             setClearBadge(false);
         }
@@ -195,7 +193,6 @@ function EditTierCategoryInner({ isAdd }) {
             badge_icon:  badgeIcon  || null,
             badge_label: badgeLabel.trim() || null,
             is_active: isActive,
-            is_special: isSpecial,
         };
 
         if (selectedAsset)      payload.badge_asset_id = selectedAsset.asset_id;
@@ -311,14 +308,6 @@ function EditTierCategoryInner({ isAdd }) {
                                     <Label htmlFor="is_active">Active</Label>
                                 </div>
                             )}
-
-                            <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
-                                <Switch id="is_special" checked={isSpecial} onCheckedChange={setIsSpecial} />
-                                <Label htmlFor="is_special">Special</Label>
-                            </div>
-                            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground -mt-2">
-                                Marks this category as intended for restrictive/limited-access plans (e.g. capped starter-content access rules).
-                            </p>
                         </SectionCard>
 
                         {/* Badge */}
diff --git a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/ViewPlan.jsx b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/ViewPlan.jsx
index 86a0052..23190cf 100644
--- a/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/ViewPlan.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/admin/pages/tiers/ViewPlan.jsx
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import { useEffect, useState, useMemo } from "react";
 import { useNavigate, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
 import {
   ArrowLeft, CreditCard, Pencil, Tag, BadgeCheck, BookOpen, Clock,
-  ShieldCheck, Plus, Trash2, Loader2, Receipt, KeyRound, Users, Lock, FileText,
-  ListChecks,
+  ShieldCheck, Plus, Trash2, Loader2, Receipt, FileText,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import { Badge }     from "@/components/ui/badge";
@@ -20,7 +19,6 @@ import { useDateFormat } from "@/hooks/useDateFormat";
 import { PageMeta } from "@/contexts/MetadataContext";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
 import { resolveTierBadge } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
-import { AccessRuleItemPicker } from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/AccessRuleItemPicker";
 import PaymentsTable from "@/modules/admin/components/tiers/PaymentsTable";
 
 // ─── Shared helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -84,6 +82,16 @@ function PlanDetailsTab({ plan, loading, tierMap, assignedCourses, coursesLoadin
   }
   if (!plan) return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Plan not found.</p>;
 
+  // A bundle is single-type — only one of these is ever populated — so show
+  // just that one section instead of three, two of which would always be empty.
+  const bundleLoading = coursesLoading || unitsLoading || lessonsLoading;
+  const activeBundleType = bundleLoading
+    ? null
+    : assignedCourses.length > 0 ? "course"
+    : assignedUnits.length > 0   ? "unit"
+    : assignedLessons.length > 0 ? "lesson"
+    : "course";
+
   return (
     <div className="space-y-5">
       <SectionCard icon={Tag} title="Plan Details">
@@ -98,7 +106,12 @@ function PlanDetailsTab({ plan, loading, tierMap, assignedCourses, coursesLoadin
           <InfoRow label="Duration">{formatDuration(plan.duration_days, plan.duration_unit)}</InfoRow>
           <InfoRow label="Price">{plan.currency} {Number(plan.price).toFixed(2)}</InfoRow>
           <InfoRow label="Currency">{plan.currency}</InfoRow>
-          <InfoRow label="Status">
+          <InfoRow label="Publish Status">
+            <Badge variant={plan.status === "published" ? "default" : "secondary"} className="mt-0.5 capitalize">
+              {plan.status ?? "draft"}
+            </Badge>
+          </InfoRow>
+          <InfoRow label="Active">
             <Badge variant={plan.is_active ? "default" : "secondary"} className="mt-0.5">
               {plan.is_active ? "Active" : "Inactive"}
             </Badge>
@@ -112,12 +125,17 @@ function PlanDetailsTab({ plan, loading, tierMap, assignedCourses, coursesLoadin
         )}
       </SectionCard>
 
-      <SectionCard icon={BookOpen} title="Assigned Courses">
-        {coursesLoading ? (
+      {bundleLoading && (
+        <SectionCard icon={BookOpen} title="Assigned Content">
           <div className="space-y-2">
             {[...Array(3)].map((_, i) => <Skeleton key={i} className="h-10 w-full" />)}
           </div>
-        ) : assignedCourses.length === 0 ? (
+        </SectionCard>
+      )}
+
+      {activeBundleType === "course" && (
+      <SectionCard icon={BookOpen} title="Assigned Courses">
+        {assignedCourses.length === 0 ? (
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
             <BookOpen className="size-4 shrink-0" />
             No courses assigned to this plan yet.
@@ -154,19 +172,15 @@ function PlanDetailsTab({ plan, loading, tierMap, assignedCourses, coursesLoadin
             ))}
           </div>
         )}
-        {!coursesLoading && (
-          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-            {assignedCourses.length} course{assignedCourses.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} assigned
-          </p>
-        )}
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          {assignedCourses.length} course{assignedCourses.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} assigned
+        </p>
       </SectionCard>
+      )}
 
+      {activeBundleType === "unit" && (
       <SectionCard icon={BookOpen} title="Assigned Units">
-        {unitsLoading ? (
-          <div className="space-y-2">
-            {[...Array(3)].map((_, i) => <Skeleton key={i} className="h-10 w-full" />)}
-          </div>
-        ) : assignedUnits.length === 0 ? (
+        {assignedUnits.length === 0 ? (
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
             <BookOpen className="size-4 shrink-0" />
             No units assigned to this plan yet.
@@ -185,19 +199,15 @@ function PlanDetailsTab({ plan, loading, tierMap, assignedCourses, coursesLoadin
             ))}
           </div>
         )}
-        {!unitsLoading && (
-          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-            {assignedUnits.length} unit{assignedUnits.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} assigned
-          </p>
-        )}
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          {assignedUnits.length} unit{assignedUnits.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} assigned
+        </p>
       </SectionCard>
+      )}
 
+      {activeBundleType === "lesson" && (
       <SectionCard icon={FileText} title="Assigned Lessons">
-        {lessonsLoading ? (
-          <div className="space-y-2">
-            {[...Array(3)].map((_, i) => <Skeleton key={i} className="h-10 w-full" />)}
-          </div>
-        ) : assignedLessons.length === 0 ? (
+        {assignedLessons.length === 0 ? (
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
             <FileText className="size-4 shrink-0" />
             No lessons assigned to this plan yet.
@@ -216,12 +226,11 @@ function PlanDetailsTab({ plan, loading, tierMap, assignedCourses, coursesLoadin
             ))}
           </div>
         )}
-        {!lessonsLoading && (
-          <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-            {assignedLessons.length} lesson{assignedLessons.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} assigned
-          </p>
-        )}
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          {assignedLessons.length} lesson{assignedLessons.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} assigned
+        </p>
       </SectionCard>
+      )}
 
       <SectionCard icon={BadgeCheck} title="Audit">
         <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4">
@@ -545,323 +554,6 @@ function PaymentPolicyTab({ planId, plan }) {
   );
 }
 
-// ─── Tab: Access Rules ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-// Configures plan_policies.access_rules — evaluateCourseAccess (utils/accessPolicy.util.js)
-// reads these instead of falling back to plain tier-rank comparison once any
-// rule exists here. Empty (default) = unchanged rank-comparison behavior.
-
-const RULE_TYPES = [
-  { value: "course_subscription_access", label: "Allowed subscription levels", icon: Tag,
-    description: "Only grant access to courses at these subscription levels." },
-  { value: "required_active_tier", label: "Required active tier", icon: KeyRound,
-    description: "User's active tier must be at least this rank." },
-  { value: "group_restriction", label: "Group restriction", icon: Users,
-    description: "User must belong to at least one of these groups." },
-  { value: "item_allowlist", label: "Specific item preview", icon: ListChecks,
-    description: "Grant access to these exact courses/units/lessons regardless of level — e.g. a curated Exclusive preview for Premium subscribers." },
-];
-
-const ITEM_TYPE_LABELS = { course: "Courses", unit: "Units", lesson: "Lessons" };
-
-function ruleSummary(rule, tierCategories, groups) {
-  if (rule.type === "course_subscription_access") {
-    const names = (rule.levels ?? []).map((slug) => tierCategories.find((c) => c.slug === slug)?.name ?? slug);
-    return `Allowed levels: ${names.join(", ") || "—"}`;
-  }
-  if (rule.type === "required_active_tier") {
-    return `Requires active tier: ${tierCategories.find((c) => c.slug === rule.tier)?.name ?? rule.tier}`;
-  }
-  if (rule.type === "group_restriction") {
-    const names = (rule.group_ids ?? []).map((id) => groups.find((g) => String(g.group_id) === String(id))?.name ?? id);
-    return `Restricted to groups: ${names.join(", ") || "—"}`;
-  }
-  if (rule.type === "item_allowlist") {
-    const count = (rule.item_ids ?? []).length;
-    const noun = ITEM_TYPE_LABELS[rule.item_type]?.toLowerCase() ?? "item(s)";
-    return `Preview access: ${count} specific ${noun}`;
-  }
-  return rule.type;
-}
-
-function AccessRulesTab({ planId, tierCategoryId }) {
-  const [rules,          setRules]          = useState([]);
-  const [rulesLoading,   setRulesLoading]    = useState(true);
-  const [saving,         setSaving]          = useState(false);
-  const [tierCategories, setTierCategories]  = useState([]);
-  const [groups,         setGroups]          = useState([]);
-
-  const isSpecialCategory = tierCategories.find(
-    (c) => String(c.tier_category_id) === String(tierCategoryId)
-  )?.is_special ?? false;
-
-  // Free content is always accessible regardless of any rule (evaluateCourseAccess
-  // short-circuits rank-0 content to allowed), so Free is never a meaningful
-  // option in any access rule — only paid levels can actually be gated.
-  const payableTierCategories = tierCategories.filter((c) => !c.is_default);
-
-  const availableRuleTypes = RULE_TYPES.filter(
-    (t) => t.value !== "item_allowlist" || isSpecialCategory
-  );
-  const [showAdd,        setShowAdd]         = useState(false);
-  const [newType,        setNewType]         = useState("course_subscription_access");
-  const [newLevels,      setNewLevels]       = useState([]);
-  const [newTier,        setNewTier]         = useState("");
-  const [newGroupIds,    setNewGroupIds]     = useState([]);
-  const [newItemType,    setNewItemType]     = useState("course");
-  const [newItemSlug,    setNewItemSlug]     = useState("");
-  const [newItemIds,     setNewItemIds]      = useState([]);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setRulesLoading(true);
-    api.get(`/admin/tier-policies/plans/${planId}/policy`)
-      .then(({ data }) => setRules(data.data?.access_rules ?? []))
-      .catch(() => {})
-      .finally(() => setRulesLoading(false));
-
-    api.get("/admin/tiers/categories").then(({ data }) => setTierCategories(data.data ?? [])).catch(() => {});
-    api.get("/admin/groups", { params: { limit: 100 } })
-      .then(({ data }) => setGroups(data.data?.data ?? []))
-      .catch(() => {});
-  }, [planId]);
-
-  const handleSave = async (next) => {
-    setSaving(true);
-    try {
-      await api.put(`/admin/tier-policies/plans/${planId}/policy`, { access_rules: next });
-      setRules(next);
-      toast("Access rules saved.");
-    } catch (err) {
-      toast(err?.response?.data?.message ?? "Could not save access rules.");
-    } finally {
-      setSaving(false);
-    }
-  };
-
-  const resetAddForm = () => {
-    setShowAdd(false);
-    setNewType("course_subscription_access");
-    setNewLevels([]);
-    setNewTier("");
-    setNewGroupIds([]);
-    setNewItemType("course");
-    setNewItemSlug("");
-    setNewItemIds([]);
-  };
-
-  const handleAddRule = () => {
-    let rule;
-    if (newType === "course_subscription_access") {
-      if (!newLevels.length) { toast("Select at least one subscription level."); return; }
-      rule = { type: newType, levels: newLevels };
-    } else if (newType === "required_active_tier") {
-      if (!newTier) { toast("Select a required tier."); return; }
-      rule = { type: newType, tier: newTier };
-    } else if (newType === "group_restriction") {
-      if (!newGroupIds.length) { toast("Select at least one group."); return; }
-      rule = { type: newType, group_ids: newGroupIds.map(Number) };
-    } else {
-      if (!newItemIds.length) { toast("Select at least one item."); return; }
-      rule = { type: newType, item_type: newItemType, item_ids: newItemIds };
-    }
-    handleSave([...rules, rule]);
-    resetAddForm();
-  };
-
-  const handleRemoveRule = (index) => {
-    handleSave(rules.filter((_, i) => i !== index));
-  };
-
-  if (rulesLoading) {
-    return (
-      <div className="space-y-4">
-        {[...Array(2)].map((_, i) => <Skeleton key={i} className="h-24 w-full" />)}
-      </div>
-    );
-  }
-
-  return (
-    <div className="space-y-5">
-      <SectionCard
-        icon={Lock}
-        title="Access Rules"
-        description="Overrides the default rank-comparison access check for this plan. Leave empty to use plain tier-rank comparison."
-      >
-        {rules.length > 0 ? (
-          <div className="space-y-2">
-            {rules.map((rule, i) => {
-              const meta = RULE_TYPES.find((t) => t.value === rule.type);
-              const Icon = meta?.icon ?? Lock;
-              return (
-                <div key={i} className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-lg border bg-muted/30 px-4 py-3">
-                  <div className="flex items-center gap-3 min-w-0">
-                    <Icon className="size-4 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" />
-                    <span className="text-sm">{ruleSummary(rule, tierCategories, groups)}</span>
-                  </div>
-                  <Button
-                    variant="ghost" size="icon"
-                    className="text-destructive hover:text-destructive shrink-0"
-                    disabled={saving}
-                    onClick={() => handleRemoveRule(i)}
-                  >
-                    <Trash2 className="h-4 w-4" />
-                  </Button>
-                </div>
-              );
-            })}
-          </div>
-        ) : (
-          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed p-4 text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            <Lock className="size-4 shrink-0" />
-            No access rules configured — falls back to plain tier-rank comparison.
-          </div>
-        )}
-
-        {showAdd ? (
-          <div className="rounded-lg border bg-muted/20 p-4 space-y-4">
-            <p className="text-sm font-medium">New Access Rule</p>
-
-            <div className="space-y-1.5">
-              <Label>Rule Type</Label>
-              <Select value={newType} onValueChange={setNewType}>
-                <SelectTrigger><SelectValue /></SelectTrigger>
-                <SelectContent>
-                  {availableRuleTypes.map((t) => (
-                    <SelectItem key={t.value} value={t.value}>{t.label}</SelectItem>
-                  ))}
-                </SelectContent>
-              </Select>
-              {!isSpecialCategory && (
-                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                  Mark this plan's tier category as "Special" (Admin &gt; Tier Categories) to unlock the "Specific item preview" rule type.
-                </p>
-              )}
-              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                {RULE_TYPES.find((t) => t.value === newType)?.description}
-              </p>
-            </div>
-
-            {newType === "course_subscription_access" && (
-              <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                <Label>Allowed Levels</Label>
-                <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
-                  {payableTierCategories.map((c) => (
-                    <Badge
-                      key={c.slug}
-                      variant={newLevels.includes(c.slug) ? "default" : "outline"}
-                      className="cursor-pointer select-none"
-                      onClick={() => setNewLevels((prev) =>
-                        prev.includes(c.slug) ? prev.filter((s) => s !== c.slug) : [...prev, c.slug]
-                      )}
-                    >
-                      {c.name}
-                    </Badge>
-                  ))}
-                </div>
-              </div>
-            )}
-
-            {newType === "required_active_tier" && (
-              <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                <Label>Required Tier</Label>
-                <Select value={newTier} onValueChange={setNewTier}>
-                  <SelectTrigger><SelectValue placeholder="Select a tier" /></SelectTrigger>
-                  <SelectContent>
-                    {payableTierCategories.map((c) => (
-                      <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>{c.name}</SelectItem>
-                    ))}
-                  </SelectContent>
-                </Select>
-              </div>
-            )}
-
-            {newType === "group_restriction" && (
-              <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                <Label>Groups</Label>
-                <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
-                  {groups.map((g) => (
-                    <Badge
-                      key={g.group_id}
-                      variant={newGroupIds.includes(String(g.group_id)) ? "default" : "outline"}
-                      className="cursor-pointer select-none"
-                      onClick={() => setNewGroupIds((prev) =>
-                        prev.includes(String(g.group_id))
-                          ? prev.filter((id) => id !== String(g.group_id))
-                          : [...prev, String(g.group_id)]
-                      )}
-                    >
-                      {g.name}
-                    </Badge>
-                  ))}
-                  {groups.length === 0 && (
-                    <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">No groups found.</p>
-                  )}
-                </div>
-              </div>
-            )}
-
-            {newType === "item_allowlist" && (
-              <div className="space-y-3">
-                <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                  <Label>Item Type</Label>
-                  <Select
-                    value={newItemType}
-                    onValueChange={(v) => { setNewItemType(v); setNewItemIds([]); }}
-                  >
-                    <SelectTrigger><SelectValue /></SelectTrigger>
-                    <SelectContent>
-                      <SelectItem value="course">Course</SelectItem>
-                      <SelectItem value="unit">Unit</SelectItem>
-                      <SelectItem value="lesson">Lesson</SelectItem>
-                    </SelectContent>
-                  </Select>
-                </div>
-
-                <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                  <Label>Subscription Level to browse</Label>
-                  <Select
-                    value={newItemSlug}
-                    onValueChange={(v) => { setNewItemSlug(v); setNewItemIds([]); }}
-                  >
-                    <SelectTrigger><SelectValue placeholder="Select a level" /></SelectTrigger>
-                    <SelectContent>
-                      {payableTierCategories.map((c) => (
-                        <SelectItem key={c.slug} value={c.slug}>{c.name}</SelectItem>
-                      ))}
-                    </SelectContent>
-                  </Select>
-                </div>
-
-                {newItemSlug && (
-                  <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                    <Label>{ITEM_TYPE_LABELS[newItemType]}</Label>
-                    <AccessRuleItemPicker
-                      itemType={newItemType}
-                      subscriptionSlug={newItemSlug}
-                      selectedIds={newItemIds}
-                      onChange={setNewItemIds}
-                    />
-                  </div>
-                )}
-              </div>
-            )}
-
-            <div className="flex gap-2 justify-end pt-1">
-              <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={resetAddForm}>Cancel</Button>
-              <Button size="sm" onClick={handleAddRule} disabled={saving}>
-                <Plus className="h-4 w-4 mr-1" /> Add Rule
-              </Button>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        ) : (
-          <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={() => setShowAdd(true)}>
-            <Plus className="h-4 w-4 mr-1" /> Add Access Rule
-          </Button>
-        )}
-      </SectionCard>
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-
 // ─── Tab: Payments ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 function PaymentsTab({ planId }) {
@@ -878,7 +570,6 @@ function PaymentsTab({ planId }) {
 
 const TABS = [
   { key: "details",  label: "Plan Details",    icon: CreditCard  },
-  { key: "access",   label: "Access Rules",    icon: Lock        },
   { key: "policy",   label: "Payment Policy",  icon: ShieldCheck },
   { key: "payments", label: "Payments",         icon: Receipt     },
 ];
@@ -1001,9 +692,6 @@ export default function ViewPlan() {
                 lessonsLoading={lessonsLoading}
               />
             )}
-            {activeTab === "access" && (
-              <AccessRulesTab planId={planId} tierCategoryId={plan?.tier_category_id} />
-            )}
             {activeTab === "policy" && (
               <PaymentPolicyTab planId={planId} plan={plan} />
             )}
diff --git a/src/modules/auth/pages/Intro.jsx b/src/modules/auth/pages/Intro.jsx
index 75d8fa1..e8c0ec7 100644
--- a/src/modules/auth/pages/Intro.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/auth/pages/Intro.jsx
@@ -70,7 +70,9 @@ export default function IntroPage() {
     if (!givenName.trim())  e.givenName  = 'First name is required.'
     if (!lastName.trim())   e.lastName   = 'Last name is required.'
     if (!occupation.trim()) e.occupation = 'Occupation is required.'
-    if (dateOfBirth) {
+    if (!dateOfBirth) {
+      e.dateOfBirth = 'Date of birth is required.'
+    } else {
       const age = (Date.now() - new Date(dateOfBirth)) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365.25)
       if (isNaN(age) || age < 13 || age > 120) e.dateOfBirth = 'Please enter a valid date of birth.'
     }
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ export default function IntroPage() {
         extension_name: extensionName,
         full_name:      fullName,
       },
-      ...(dateOfBirth ? { date_of_birth: dateOfBirth } : {}),
+      date_of_birth: dateOfBirth,
       occupation,
       phone_number: phone.trim()
         ? (() => {
@@ -224,9 +226,7 @@ export default function IntroPage() {
 
               {/* Date of birth */}
               <div className="space-y-1.5">
-                <Label className="text-xs">
-                  Date of birth <span className="text-xs font-normal text-muted-foreground">(optional)</span>
-                </Label>
+                <Label className="text-xs">Date of birth <span className="text-destructive">*</span></Label>
                 <Input
                   type="date"
                   value={dateOfBirth}
diff --git a/src/modules/client/components/LessonCard.jsx b/src/modules/client/components/LessonCard.jsx
index e8774e4..b6187de 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/components/LessonCard.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/components/LessonCard.jsx
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ export const LessonCard = ({ lesson, tierMap = {}, onViewDetails }) => {
                     {label}
                 </Badge>
                 {locked && (
-                    <Badge variant="outline" className="text-muted-foreground">Locked</Badge>
+                    <Badge variant="secondary">
+                        <LockIcon className="size-3" /> Locked
+                    </Badge>
                 )}
             </div>
 
diff --git a/src/modules/client/components/LessonUpsellModal.jsx b/src/modules/client/components/LessonUpsellModal.jsx
index ad706e5..d33ee88 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/components/LessonUpsellModal.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/components/LessonUpsellModal.jsx
@@ -1,37 +1,35 @@
 // LessonUpsellModal — shown when a learner clicks a locked standalone Lesson.
-// Mirrors UnitUpsellModal.jsx: unlocks via the lesson's own subscription tier
-// (with an optional direct "Buy" listing) and/or any course reachable through
-// its attached Units (aggregated across all of them, since a Lesson can sit
-// in more than one) plus a generic "View Plans" fallback.
+// Mirrors UnitUpsellModal.jsx: unlocks via any course reachable through its
+// attached Units (aggregated across all of them, since a Lesson can sit in
+// more than one), with an optional direct "Buy" listing if the lesson itself
+// has an active product, plus a generic "View Plans" fallback.
 // Shared by LessonsList and Dashboard.
 
 import { useNavigate } from "react-router-dom";
-import { LockIcon, BookOpen, ShoppingCart, GraduationCap } from "lucide-react";
+import { LockIcon, ShoppingCart, GraduationCap, Check } from "lucide-react";
 import ResponsiveModal from "@/components/generic/ResponsiveModal";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { useDateFormat } from "@/hooks/useDateFormat";
-import { resolveTierBadge } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
+import { resolveTierBadge, cheapestTierSlug } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
 
 export default function LessonUpsellModal({ open, onOpenChange, lesson, tierMap = {} }) {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const { fmtCurrency } = useDateFormat();
   const courses = lesson?.courses ?? [];
-  const ownTier = lesson?.subscription ? resolveTierBadge(lesson.subscription, tierMap) : null;
   const purchasable = lesson?.product?.is_active && !lesson?.has_purchased;
   const awaitingStarterSet = purchasable && lesson?.purchase_eligible === false;
   const canBuy = purchasable && !awaitingStarterSet;
 
+  const slug = cheapestTierSlug([lesson?.subscription, ...courses.map((c) => c.subscription)], tierMap);
+  const { rank, label, cls, panel } = resolveTierBadge(slug, tierMap);
+
   return (
     <ResponsiveModal
       open={open}
       onOpenChange={onOpenChange}
       title={lesson?.title ?? "Lesson Details"}
-      description={
-        ownTier
-          ? "This lesson requires a plan upgrade or individual purchase."
-          : "This lesson is part of one or more courses that require a plan upgrade."
-      }
+      description="Upgrade your plan to access this lesson."
       footer={
         <>
           <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>Close</Button>
@@ -46,19 +44,7 @@ export default function LessonUpsellModal({ open, onOpenChange, lesson, tierMap
         </>
       }
     >
-      <div className="space-y-3 py-2">
-        {ownTier && (
-          <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 p-4 rounded-xl border bg-muted/40">
-            <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 min-w-0">
-              <LockIcon className="size-4 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" />
-              <div className="min-w-0">
-                <p className="text-sm font-medium">Requires</p>
-                <Badge className={`${ownTier.cls} mt-1`}>{ownTier.label}</Badge>
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        )}
-
+      <div className="space-y-6 py-2">
         {awaitingStarterSet && (
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 p-4 rounded-xl border border-amber-300 bg-amber-50 dark:border-amber-700 dark:bg-amber-950/40">
             <GraduationCap className="size-4 text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400 shrink-0" />
@@ -68,38 +54,21 @@ export default function LessonUpsellModal({ open, onOpenChange, lesson, tierMap
           </div>
         )}
 
-        {courses.length === 0 && !ownTier ? (
-          <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            Upgrade your plan to access this content.
-          </p>
-        ) : (
-          courses.map((course) => {
-            const { label, cls } = resolveTierBadge(course.subscription, tierMap);
-            return (
-              <div
-                key={course.course_id}
-                className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 p-4 rounded-xl border bg-muted/40"
-              >
-                <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 min-w-0">
-                  <BookOpen className="size-4 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" />
-                  <div className="min-w-0">
-                    <p className="text-sm font-medium truncate">{course.title}</p>
-                    <Badge className={`${cls} mt-1`}>
-                      <LockIcon className="size-3" /> {label}
-                    </Badge>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-                <Button
-                  size="sm"
-                  variant="outline"
-                  className="shrink-0"
-                  onClick={() => { onOpenChange(false); navigate(`/course/${course.course_id}`); }}
-                >
-                  View Course
-                </Button>
-              </div>
-            );
-          })
+        {rank > 0 && (
+          <div className={`p-5 rounded-2xl border ${panel.bg} ${panel.border}`}>
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-3 mb-3">
+              <Badge className={cls}>
+                <LockIcon className="size-3" /> {label}
+              </Badge>
+            </div>
+            <ul className="space-y-2 text-sm [&_svg]:size-4 mb-4">
+              <li className="flex items-center gap-2"><Check /> Access to {label} content</li>
+              <li className="flex items-center gap-2"><Check /> Certificates & achievements</li>
+            </ul>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+              Upgrade to a <span className="font-medium">{label}</span> plan to unlock this lesson.
+            </p>
+          </div>
         )}
       </div>
     </ResponsiveModal>
diff --git a/src/modules/client/components/PlanComparisonTable.jsx b/src/modules/client/components/PlanComparisonTable.jsx
index 99fe211..f82d078 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/components/PlanComparisonTable.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/components/PlanComparisonTable.jsx
@@ -4,10 +4,11 @@
 // exact feature text is present in its own list.
 
 import * as LucideIcons from "lucide-react";
-import { Check, Minus, Tag } from "lucide-react";
+import { Check, Minus, Tag, Lock } from "lucide-react";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { resolveTierBadge } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
+import { getBundleContent, overlapsExistingAccess, isPlanCurrent } from "@/utils/planBundle.util";
 
 export default function PlanComparisonTable({ plans, myTier, tierMap, fmtCurrency, onSelect }) {
     const featureRows = [...new Set(
@@ -23,9 +24,8 @@ export default function PlanComparisonTable({ plans, myTier, tierMap, fmtCurrenc
                         {plans.map((plan) => {
                             const { label, cls } = resolveTierBadge(plan.tier, tierMap);
                             const Icon = LucideIcons[tierMap[plan.tier]?.badge_icon] ?? Tag;
-                            // A user can hold more than one active tier concurrently — check
-                            // membership in the full active set, not just the best one.
-                            const isCurrent = (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).some((t) => t.tier === plan.tier);
+                            const isCurrent = isPlanCurrent(plan, myTier);
+                            const isBlockedByOverlap = !isCurrent && overlapsExistingAccess(plan, myTier?.my_grants);
                             return (
                                 <th key={plan.plan_id} className="p-4 text-center align-bottom min-w-[160px]">
                                     <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2">
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ export default function PlanComparisonTable({ plans, myTier, tierMap, fmtCurrenc
                                         <span className="font-semibold text-foreground">{plan.label}</span>
                                         <span className="text-lg font-bold">{fmtCurrency(plan.price, plan.currency)}</span>
                                         {isCurrent && <Badge variant="secondary" className="text-xs">Current Plan</Badge>}
+                                        {isBlockedByOverlap && (
+                                            <Badge variant="secondary" className="text-xs gap-1">
+                                                <Lock className="size-3" /> Already Included
+                                            </Badge>
+                                        )}
                                     </div>
                                 </th>
                             );
@@ -41,12 +46,15 @@ export default function PlanComparisonTable({ plans, myTier, tierMap, fmtCurrenc
                 </thead>
                 <tbody>
                     <tr className="border-b bg-muted/30">
-                        <td className="p-3 font-medium text-muted-foreground">Courses included</td>
-                        {plans.map((plan) => (
-                            <td key={plan.plan_id} className="p-3 text-center">
-                                {plan.course_count > 0 ? plan.course_count : "—"}
-                            </td>
-                        ))}
+                        <td className="p-3 font-medium text-muted-foreground">Items included</td>
+                        {plans.map((plan) => {
+                            const bundle = getBundleContent(plan);
+                            return (
+                                <td key={plan.plan_id} className="p-3 text-center">
+                                    {bundle ? `${bundle.items.length} ${bundle.noun.toLowerCase()}${bundle.items.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""}` : "—"}
+                                </td>
+                            );
+                        })}
                     </tr>
                     {featureRows.map((text, i) => (
                         <tr key={text} className={`border-b ${i % 2 === 1 ? "bg-muted/30" : ""}`}>
@@ -76,18 +84,17 @@ export default function PlanComparisonTable({ plans, myTier, tierMap, fmtCurrenc
                     <tr>
                         <td className="p-4" />
                         {plans.map((plan) => {
-                            // A user can hold more than one active tier concurrently — check
-                            // membership in the full active set, not just the best one.
-                            const isCurrent = (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).some((t) => t.tier === plan.tier);
+                            const isCurrent = isPlanCurrent(plan, myTier);
+                            const isBlockedByOverlap = !isCurrent && overlapsExistingAccess(plan, myTier?.my_grants);
                             return (
                                 <td key={plan.plan_id} className="p-4 text-center">
                                     <Button
                                         size="sm"
-                                        variant={isCurrent ? "secondary" : "default"}
-                                        disabled={isCurrent || !plan.is_active}
+                                        variant={isCurrent || isBlockedByOverlap ? "secondary" : "default"}
+                                        disabled={isCurrent || isBlockedByOverlap || !plan.is_active}
                                         onClick={() => onSelect(plan)}
                                     >
-                                        {isCurrent ? "Current" : !plan.is_active ? "Not Available" : "Select"}
+                                        {isCurrent ? "Current" : isBlockedByOverlap ? "Included" : !plan.is_active ? "Not Available" : "Select"}
                                     </Button>
                                 </td>
                             );
diff --git a/src/modules/client/components/UnitCard.jsx b/src/modules/client/components/UnitCard.jsx
index e06f0c1..46a6594 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/components/UnitCard.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/components/UnitCard.jsx
@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ export const UnitCard = ({ unit, tierMap = {}, onViewDetails }) => {
           {locked ? <LockIcon className="size-3" /> : <Tag className="size-3" />}
           {label}
         </Badge>
+        {locked && (
+          <Badge variant="secondary">
+            <LockIcon className="size-3" /> Locked
+          </Badge>
+        )}
       </div>
 
       <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
diff --git a/src/modules/client/components/UnitUpsellModal.jsx b/src/modules/client/components/UnitUpsellModal.jsx
index 03e0144..ed543cf 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/components/UnitUpsellModal.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/components/UnitUpsellModal.jsx
@@ -1,38 +1,35 @@
 // UnitUpsellModal — shown when a learner clicks a locked standalone Unit.
-// Unlocks two ways: the unit's own subscription tier (with an optional direct
-// "Buy" listing, same PayPal flow as Courses) and/or any course it's attached
-// to (a unit may sit under several courses at different tiers — no single
-// "Buy" in that case, just links to view/buy the course itself).
+// Unlocks via any course it's attached to (links to view/buy the course), with
+// an optional direct "Buy" listing if the unit itself has an active product
+// (same PayPal flow as Courses).
 // Shared by UnitsList, UnitDetails, and Dashboard.
 
 import { useNavigate } from "react-router-dom";
-import { LockIcon, BookOpen, ShoppingCart, GraduationCap } from "lucide-react";
+import { LockIcon, ShoppingCart, GraduationCap, Check } from "lucide-react";
 import ResponsiveModal from "@/components/generic/ResponsiveModal";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { useDateFormat } from "@/hooks/useDateFormat";
-import { resolveTierBadge } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
+import { resolveTierBadge, cheapestTierSlug } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
 
 export default function UnitUpsellModal({ open, onOpenChange, unit, tierMap = {} }) {
   const navigate = useNavigate();
   const { fmtCurrency } = useDateFormat();
   const courses = unit?.courses ?? [];
-  const ownTier = unit?.subscription ? resolveTierBadge(unit.subscription, tierMap) : null;
   const purchasable = unit?.product?.is_active && !unit?.has_purchased;
   // purchase_eligible is undefined for callers that haven't fetched it yet — treat as eligible (no regression).
   const awaitingStarterSet = purchasable && unit?.purchase_eligible === false;
   const canBuy = purchasable && !awaitingStarterSet;
 
+  const slug = cheapestTierSlug([unit?.subscription, ...courses.map((c) => c.subscription)], tierMap);
+  const { rank, label, cls, panel } = resolveTierBadge(slug, tierMap);
+
   return (
     <ResponsiveModal
       open={open}
       onOpenChange={onOpenChange}
       title={unit?.title ?? "Unit Details"}
-      description={
-        ownTier
-          ? "This unit requires a plan upgrade or individual purchase."
-          : "This unit is part of one or more courses that require a plan upgrade."
-      }
+      description="Upgrade your plan to access this unit."
       footer={
         <>
           <Button variant="outline" onClick={() => onOpenChange(false)}>Close</Button>
@@ -47,19 +44,7 @@ export default function UnitUpsellModal({ open, onOpenChange, unit, tierMap = {}
         </>
       }
     >
-      <div className="space-y-3 py-2">
-        {ownTier && (
-          <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 p-4 rounded-xl border bg-muted/40">
-            <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 min-w-0">
-              <LockIcon className="size-4 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" />
-              <div className="min-w-0">
-                <p className="text-sm font-medium">Requires</p>
-                <Badge className={`${ownTier.cls} mt-1`}>{ownTier.label}</Badge>
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-        )}
-
+      <div className="space-y-6 py-2">
         {awaitingStarterSet && (
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 p-4 rounded-xl border border-amber-300 bg-amber-50 dark:border-amber-700 dark:bg-amber-950/40">
             <GraduationCap className="size-4 text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-400 shrink-0" />
@@ -69,38 +54,21 @@ export default function UnitUpsellModal({ open, onOpenChange, unit, tierMap = {}
           </div>
         )}
 
-        {courses.length === 0 && !ownTier ? (
-          <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-            Upgrade your plan to access this content.
-          </p>
-        ) : (
-          courses.map((course) => {
-            const { label, cls } = resolveTierBadge(course.subscription, tierMap);
-            return (
-              <div
-                key={course.course_id}
-                className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3 p-4 rounded-xl border bg-muted/40"
-              >
-                <div className="flex items-center gap-2.5 min-w-0">
-                  <BookOpen className="size-4 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" />
-                  <div className="min-w-0">
-                    <p className="text-sm font-medium truncate">{course.title}</p>
-                    <Badge className={`${cls} mt-1`}>
-                      <LockIcon className="size-3" /> {label}
-                    </Badge>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-                <Button
-                  size="sm"
-                  variant="outline"
-                  className="shrink-0"
-                  onClick={() => { onOpenChange(false); navigate(`/course/${course.course_id}`); }}
-                >
-                  View Course
-                </Button>
-              </div>
-            );
-          })
+        {rank > 0 && (
+          <div className={`p-5 rounded-2xl border ${panel.bg} ${panel.border}`}>
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-3 mb-3">
+              <Badge className={cls}>
+                <LockIcon className="size-3" /> {label}
+              </Badge>
+            </div>
+            <ul className="space-y-2 text-sm [&_svg]:size-4 mb-4">
+              <li className="flex items-center gap-2"><Check /> Access to {label} content</li>
+              <li className="flex items-center gap-2"><Check /> Certificates & achievements</li>
+            </ul>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+              Upgrade to a <span className="font-medium">{label}</span> plan to unlock this unit.
+            </p>
+          </div>
         )}
       </div>
     </ResponsiveModal>
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/Checkout.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/Checkout.jsx
index e42e392..d8cd1c8 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/Checkout.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/Checkout.jsx
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ const Checkout = () => {
 
                 <div className="space-y-3">
                   <p className="text-sm font-medium flex items-center gap-2">
-                    <BookOpen className="size-4" /> Included Courses
+                    <BookOpen className="size-4" /> Bundle
                   </p>
                   {plan.courses?.length > 0 ? (
                     <div className="space-y-3">
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/CourseDetails.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/CourseDetails.jsx
index 53cce3a..990bfae 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/CourseDetails.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/CourseDetails.jsx
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ const CourseDetails = () => {
                                         </div>
                                         <h1 className="font-bold xs:text-2xl lg:text-4xl">{course?.title ?? "Course Title"}</h1>
                                         <p className="max-w-2xl xs:text-sm lg:text-lg">{course?.description ?? ""}</p>
-                                        <div className="flex items-center gap-4">
+                                        <div className="flex items-center gap-4 text-sm lg:text-base">
                                             {course?.duration_seconds > 0 && (
                                                 <div className="[&_svg]:size-4 flex gap-1.5 items-center">
                                                     <Timer />
@@ -733,11 +733,11 @@ const CourseDetails = () => {
                         
 
                         {/* Body */}
-                        <div className="lg:container lg:mx-auto flex flex-col gap-6 xs:px-3 xs:-mt-5 lg:-mt-0">
+                        <div className="lg:container lg:mx-auto flex flex-col gap-6 xs:p-6 xs:-mt-5 lg:-mt-0">
                             <div className="flex flex-col xs:gap-12 lg:gap-12 flex-1 min-w-0">
                                 <div className="space-y-4">
                                     <div className="font-bold text-2xl">About</div>
-                                    <div className="max-w-3xl space-y-4 text-muted-foreground lg:text-lg">
+                                    <div className="max-w-3xl space-y-4">
                                         <p>{course?.description ?? ""}</p>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ const CourseDetails = () => {
                                     {course?.objectives?.length > 0 && (
                                         <div className="space-y-4">
                                             <div className="font-bold text-2xl">Learning Outcomes</div>
-                                            <ul className="max-w-3xl list-disc list-inside space-y-1 lg:text-lg text-muted-foreground">
+                                            <ul className="max-w-3xl list-disc list-inside space-y-1 ">
                                                 {course.objectives.map((obj) => (
                                                     <li key={obj.objective_id}>{obj.text}</li>
                                                 ))}
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/Dashboard.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/Dashboard.jsx
index a8c6c52..add53cf 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/Dashboard.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/Dashboard.jsx
@@ -134,14 +134,12 @@ const GroupsTable = ({ groups, onView }) => (
                     <TableHead className="w-10 text-center px-4">#</TableHead>
                     <TableHead className="px-4">Group Name</TableHead>
                     <TableHead className="px-4">Code</TableHead>
-                    <TableHead className="px-4">Description</TableHead>
                     <TableHead className="px-4">Task Lists</TableHead>
                     <TableHead className="px-4" />
                 </TableRow>
             </TableHeader>
             <TableBody>
                 {groups.map((g, i) => {
-                    const isDefault = g.group_code === 'NOGRP';
                     const taskListCount = Number(g.task_list_count ?? g.taskLists?.length ?? 0);
                     return (
                         <TableRow key={g.group_id}>
@@ -152,12 +150,6 @@ const GroupsTable = ({ groups, onView }) => (
                             <TableCell className="px-4">
                                 <Badge variant="outline" className="font-mono text-xs">{g.group_code}</Badge>
                             </TableCell>
-                            <TableCell className="px-4 text-muted-foreground ">
-                                {isDefault
-                                    ? <span className="text-xs italic">Awaiting assignment by admin</span>
-                                    : (g.description ?? <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/50">—</span>)
-                                }
-                            </TableCell>
                             <TableCell className="px-4">
                                 {taskListCount}
                             </TableCell>
@@ -182,8 +174,7 @@ const GroupsTableSkeleton = () => (
                     <TableHead className="w-10 text-center px-4">#</TableHead>
                     <TableHead className="px-4">Group Name</TableHead>
                     <TableHead className="px-4">Code</TableHead>
-                    <TableHead className="px-4 w-full">Description</TableHead>
-                    <TableHead className="px-4 text-center whitespace-nowrap">Task Lists</TableHead>
+                    <TableHead className="px-4 w-full text-center whitespace-nowrap">Task Lists</TableHead>
                     <TableHead className="px-4" />
                 </TableRow>
             </TableHeader>
@@ -193,7 +184,6 @@ const GroupsTableSkeleton = () => (
                         <TableCell className="text-center px-4"><Skeleton className="h-4 w-4 mx-auto" /></TableCell>
                         <TableCell className="px-4"><Skeleton className="h-4 w-32" /></TableCell>
                         <TableCell className="px-4"><Skeleton className="h-5 w-16 rounded-full" /></TableCell>
-                        <TableCell className="px-4"><Skeleton className="h-4 w-48" /></TableCell>
                         <TableCell className="px-4"><Skeleton className="h-4 w-8 mx-auto" /></TableCell>
                         <TableCell className="px-4 text-right"><Skeleton className="h-8 w-14 ml-auto" /></TableCell>
                     </TableRow>
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/LessonDetails.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/LessonDetails.jsx
index 50a88b5..35c0df6 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/LessonDetails.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/LessonDetails.jsx
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import AppBreadcrumb from "@/components/generic/Breadcrumb/AppBreadcrumb";
 import { useParams, useNavigate, useLocation } from "react-router-dom";
 import {
-    House, SendHorizonal, CheckCheck, Check, Hourglass, Clock, Video, ListChecks,
+    House, CheckCheck, Check, Hourglass, Clock, Video, ListChecks,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
-import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { useLibrary } from "@/contexts/ClientLibraryContext";
 import { useClientTiers } from "@/contexts/ClientTiersProvider";
@@ -90,15 +89,47 @@ const LessonDetails = () => {
     }, [uuid]);
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        const handleScroll = () => {
+        // Content shorter than the viewport (nothing to scroll) used to flag 100%
+        // on the spot — but right after mount the video/image blocks haven't
+        // finished loading yet, so that snapshot is often taken against a
+        // still-collapsed layout and fires a false "completed" before the real
+        // (taller) content has even rendered. Debounce a settle window and
+        // re-check before trusting it.
+        let settleTimer = null;
+
+        const evaluate = () => {
             const scrollTop = window.scrollY;
             const scrollHeight = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight;
-            if (scrollHeight <= 0) { setScrollProgress(100); return; }
-            setScrollProgress(Math.round((scrollTop / scrollHeight) * 100));
+
+            if (scrollHeight <= 0) {
+                if (settleTimer) return;
+                settleTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+                    settleTimer = null;
+                    const stillShort = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight <= 0;
+                    if (stillShort) setScrollProgress(100);
+                }, 1200);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (settleTimer) { clearTimeout(settleTimer); settleTimer = null; }
+
+            // Percentage rounding alone can hit 100 a few pixels short of the real
+            // bottom (e.g. 99.5% rounds up), which was enough to auto-fire
+            // completion before the reader actually reached the end. Cap the
+            // ratio-derived value at 90 and only award the true 100 when the
+            // scroll position has actually reached the bottom.
+            const atBottom = scrollTop >= scrollHeight - 4;
+            setScrollProgress(atBottom ? 100 : Math.min(Math.round((scrollTop / scrollHeight) * 100), 90));
         };
-        window.addEventListener("scroll", handleScroll, { passive: true });
-        return () => window.removeEventListener("scroll", handleScroll);
-    }, []);
+
+        evaluate(); // seed a measurement — short content may never fire a scroll event
+        window.addEventListener("scroll", evaluate, { passive: true });
+
+        return () => {
+            window.removeEventListener("scroll", evaluate);
+            if (settleTimer) clearTimeout(settleTimer);
+        };
+    }, [uuid]);
 
     // ── Mark lesson completed when user scrolls to the bottom ─────────────
     // Only fires in Task mode — outside of it, this standalone lesson page is a
@@ -129,6 +160,14 @@ const LessonDetails = () => {
         await markComplete(lesson.uuid, unit?.uuid ?? null);
     }, [lesson, unit, markComplete]);
 
+    // ── Course-attached lessons hand off straight to the Unit reader — no
+    // separate "Start Lesson" landing step in between.
+    useEffect(() => {
+        if (!lessonLoading && lesson && hasCourse && !contentNotReady) {
+            navigate(`/units/${unit.uuid}/read`, { replace: true, state: { lessonId: lesson.lesson_id } });
+        }
+    }, [lessonLoading, lesson, hasCourse, contentNotReady, unit, navigate]);
+
     const items = [
         { label: "Home", icon: <House className="size-4" />, to: `/dashboard` },
         { label: "Lessons", to: `/lessons` },
@@ -149,7 +188,7 @@ const LessonDetails = () => {
         );
     }
 
-    if (lessonLoading || !lesson) {
+    if (lessonLoading || !lesson || (hasCourse && !contentNotReady)) {
         return (
             <div className="my-17 p-8 lg:container lg:mx-auto space-y-4">
                 <Skeleton className="h-4 w-48" />
@@ -159,11 +198,6 @@ const LessonDetails = () => {
         );
     }
 
-    const handleStart = () => {
-        if (!hasUnit) return;
-        navigate(`/units/${unit.uuid}/read`, { state: { lessonId: lesson.lesson_id } });
-    };
-
     return (
         <div className="flex-1 flex flex-col">
             <PageMeta title={`${lesson.title} - STARR`} description={lesson.description} />
@@ -258,15 +292,6 @@ const LessonDetails = () => {
                             <Hourglass className="size-4 shrink-0" />
                             This lesson is currently being prepared. Please check back later.
                         </div>
-                    ) : hasCourse ? (
-                        <div className="w-fit">
-                            <Button className="w-fit bg-blue-500" onClick={handleStart}>
-                                {hasCompleted
-                                    ? <><CheckCheck /> Start Again</>
-                                    : <><SendHorizonal /> Start Lesson</>
-                                }
-                            </Button>
-                        </div>
                     ) : (
                         <div className="w-full">
                             <LessonBlock
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/PlanList.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/PlanList.jsx
index 5cefdb0..a1fa14c 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/PlanList.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/PlanList.jsx
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ import {
 } from "@/components/ui/dialog";
 import { ScrollArea, ScrollBar } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
 import {
-    BookOpen, Clock, Check,
-    Tag, RotateCcw, LaptopMinimal, Table as TableIcon,
+    BookOpen, Clock, Check, Lock,
+    Tag, RotateCcw, Plus,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { useClientTiers } from "@/contexts/ClientTiersProvider";
 import ResponsiveModal from "@/components/generic/ResponsiveModal";
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import { useDateFormat } from "@/hooks/useDateFormat";
 import { useClientAdvertisements } from "@/contexts/ClientAdvertisementContext";
 import { Banner, BannerSkeleton } from "@/components/generic/Blocks/Client/Advertisements/Banner";
 import { resolveTierBadge } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
-import PlanComparisonTable from "../components/PlanComparisonTable";
+import { getBundleContent, overlapsExistingAccess, isPlanCurrent } from "@/utils/planBundle.util";
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ function formatCourseDuration(seconds = 0) {
     return `${m}m`;
 }
 
+
 // ─── Skeleton ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 const PlanSkeleton = () => (
@@ -86,20 +87,30 @@ const PlanCard = ({ plan, myTier, tierMap, onSelect, onView, onRefund, refundSec
     const { fmtCurrency } = useDateFormat();
     const [coursesOpen, setCoursesOpen] = useState(false);
     const [notAvailableOpen, setNotAvailableOpen] = useState(false);
-    const { label: tierLabel, cls: badgeCls, rank } = resolveTierBadge(plan.tier, tierMap);
+    const { label: tierLabel, cls: badgeCls } = resolveTierBadge(plan.tier, tierMap);
     const Icon = LucideIcons[tierMap[plan.tier]?.badge_icon] ?? Tag;
-    const ring = rank > 0 ? "ring-2 ring-primary/30" : "";
-    // A user can hold more than one active tier concurrently (e.g. premium +
-    // exclusive) — check membership in the full active set, not just the best one.
-    const isCurrent = (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).some((t) => t.tier === plan.tier);
+    // "Current" means the user actually purchased THIS exact plan (matched by
+    // plan_id) and it's still active — NOT just any plan sharing the same tier
+    // slug. Two different plans can be the same tier (e.g. two Premium
+    // bundles) and stay independently active (Tier Plans v2).
+    const isCurrent = isPlanCurrent(plan, myTier);
+    // Blocked-by-overlap ("already covered") — the plan isn't itself owned,
+    // but at least one of its bundle items is already granted by something
+    // else the user holds. Card stays visible but disabled (Scenario 3).
+    const isBlockedByOverlap = !isCurrent && overlapsExistingAccess(plan, myTier?.my_grants);
     const duration = formatDuration(plan.duration_days, plan.duration_unit);
     const features = plan.features ?? [];
-    const previewCourses = plan.courses?.slice(0, PREVIEW_COURSE_LIMIT) ?? [];
-    const extraCount = (plan.courses?.length ?? 0) - PREVIEW_COURSE_LIMIT;
+    const bundle = getBundleContent(plan);
+    const previewItems = bundle?.items?.slice(0, PREVIEW_COURSE_LIMIT) ?? [];
+    const extraCount = (bundle?.items?.length ?? 0) - PREVIEW_COURSE_LIMIT;
+    const hasFooterAction = (isCurrent && refundSecsLeft > 0) || !plan.is_active || isBlockedByOverlap || (isCurrent && plan.tier !== "free");
 
     return (
         <>
-            <Card className={`relative flex flex-col ${ring}`}>
+            <Card
+                className={`relative flex flex-col cursor-pointer transition-shadow hover:shadow-md ${isBlockedByOverlap ? "opacity-60" : ""}`}
+                onClick={() => onView(plan)}
+            >
                 <CardHeader>
                     <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
                         <CardTitle>{plan.label}</CardTitle>
@@ -107,12 +118,21 @@ const PlanCard = ({ plan, myTier, tierMap, onSelect, onView, onRefund, refundSec
                             {isCurrent && (
                                 <Badge className="bg-green-500 text-white">Current Plan</Badge>
                             )}
+                            {isBlockedByOverlap && (
+                                <Badge variant="secondary" className="gap-1">
+                                    <Lock className="size-3" />
+                                    Already Included in Your Plan
+                                </Badge>
+                            )}
                             <Badge className={badgeCls}>
                                 <Icon />
                                 {tierLabel}
                             </Badge>
                         </div>
                     </div>
+                    {plan.description && (
+                        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground line-clamp-2">{plan.description}</p>
+                    )}
                     <CardDescription>
                         <span className="text-3xl font-bold text-foreground">
                             {fmtCurrency(plan.price, plan.currency)}
@@ -126,36 +146,41 @@ const PlanCard = ({ plan, myTier, tierMap, onSelect, onView, onRefund, refundSec
                 <CardContent className="flex-1 space-y-4">
 
                     {features.length > 0 && (
-                        <ul className="space-y-1.5">
-                            {features.slice(0, 4).map((f, i) => (
-                                <li key={i} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
-                                    <Check className="size-3.5 mt-0.5 shrink-0 text-green-500" />
-                                    <span>{f.text}</span>
-                                </li>
-                            ))}
-                        </ul>
-                    )}
-
-                    {plan.courses?.length > 0 ? (
                         <div className="space-y-2">
-                            <p className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wide flex items-center gap-1.5">
-                                <BookOpen className="size-3.5" />
-                                Course{plan.course_count !== 1 ? "s" : ""} Included
+                            <p className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wide">
+                                What's included
                             </p>
                             <ul className="space-y-1.5">
-                                {previewCourses.map((course) => (
-                                    <li key={course.course_id} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
+                                {features.slice(0, 4).map((f, i) => (
+                                    <li key={i} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
+                                        <Check className="size-3.5 mt-0.5 shrink-0 text-green-500" />
+                                        <span>{f.text}</span>
+                                    </li>
+                                ))}
+                            </ul>
+                        </div>
+                    )}
+
+                    {bundle ? (
+                        <div className="space-y-2">
+                            <p className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wide flex items-center gap-1.5">
+                                <bundle.icon className="size-3.5" />
+                                Bundle
+                            </p>
+                            <ul className="space-y-1.5">
+                                {previewItems.map((item) => (
+                                    <li key={item[bundle.idKey]} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
                                         <Check className="size-3.5 mt-0.5 shrink-0 text-green-500" />
                                         <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
-                                            <span className="line-clamp-1">{course.title}</span>
+                                            <span className="line-clamp-1">{item.title}</span>
                                             <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-0.5">
-                                                {course.level && (
-                                                    <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground capitalize">{course.level}</span>
+                                                {item.level && (
+                                                    <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground capitalize">{item.level}</span>
                                                 )}
-                                                {formatCourseDuration(course.duration_seconds) && (
+                                                {formatCourseDuration(item.duration_seconds) && (
                                                     <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground flex items-center gap-1">
                                                         <Clock className="size-3" />
-                                                        {formatCourseDuration(course.duration_seconds)}
+                                                        {formatCourseDuration(item.duration_seconds)}
                                                     </span>
                                                 )}
                                             </div>
@@ -171,7 +196,7 @@ const PlanCard = ({ plan, myTier, tierMap, onSelect, onView, onRefund, refundSec
                                     variant="secondary"
 
                                 >
-                                    +{extraCount} more course{extraCount !== 1 ? "s" : ""}
+                                    +{extraCount} more {bundle.noun.toLowerCase()}{extraCount !== 1 ? "s" : ""}
                                 </Badge>
                             )}
                         </div>
@@ -182,53 +207,47 @@ const PlanCard = ({ plan, myTier, tierMap, onSelect, onView, onRefund, refundSec
                     ) : null}
                 </CardContent>
 
-                <Separator />
-
-                <CardFooter className="flex gap-2 pt-4">
-                    <Button
-                        className="flex-1"
-                        variant="outline"
-                        onClick={() => onView(plan)}
-                    >
-                        View Details
-                    </Button>
-                    {isCurrent && refundSecsLeft > 0 ? (
-                        <Button
-                            className="flex-1"
-                            variant="destructive"
-                            onClick={() => onRefund(plan)}
-                        >
-                            <RotateCcw className="size-4" />
-                            Refund ({formatCountdown(refundSecsLeft)})
-                        </Button>
-                    ) : !plan.is_active ? (
-                        <Button
-                            className="flex-1"
-                            variant="secondary"
-                            onClick={() => setNotAvailableOpen(true)}
-                        >
-                            Not Available
-                        </Button>
-                    ) : !isCurrent ? (
-                        <Button
-                            className="flex-1"
-                            onClick={() => onSelect(plan)}
-                        >
-                            {plan.tier === "free" ? "Current" : `Get ${tierLabel}`}
-                        </Button>
-                    ) : plan.tier !== "free" ? (
-                        // Already holds this tier (from another plan, past the refund
-                        // window) — repurchasing extends the existing grant's expiry
-                        // rather than being blocked, so still offer a way to buy.
-                        <Button
-                            className="flex-1"
-                            variant="outline"
-                            onClick={() => onSelect(plan)}
-                        >
-                            Extend {tierLabel}
-                        </Button>
-                    ) : null}
-                </CardFooter>
+                {hasFooterAction && (
+                    <>
+                        <Separator />
+                        <CardFooter className="flex gap-2 pt-4">
+                            {isCurrent && refundSecsLeft > 0 ? (
+                                <Button
+                                    className="flex-1"
+                                    variant="destructive"
+                                    onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); onRefund(plan); }}
+                                >
+                                    <RotateCcw className="size-4" />
+                                    Refund ({formatCountdown(refundSecsLeft)})
+                                </Button>
+                            ) : !plan.is_active ? (
+                                <Button
+                                    className="flex-1"
+                                    variant="secondary"
+                                    onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); setNotAvailableOpen(true); }}
+                                >
+                                    Not Available
+                                </Button>
+                            ) : isBlockedByOverlap ? (
+                                <Button className="flex-1" variant="secondary" disabled>
+                                    <Lock className="size-4" />
+                                    Already Included
+                                </Button>
+                            ) : plan.tier !== "free" ? (
+                                // Already holds this tier (from another plan, past the refund
+                                // window) — repurchasing extends the existing grant's expiry
+                                // rather than being blocked, so still offer a way to buy.
+                                <Button
+                                    className="flex-1"
+                                    variant="outline"
+                                    onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); onSelect(plan); }}
+                                >
+                                    Extend {tierLabel}
+                                </Button>
+                            ) : null}
+                        </CardFooter>
+                    </>
+                )}
             </Card>
 
             {/* ── Not Available Dialog ──────────────────────────────────────── */}
@@ -294,36 +313,36 @@ const PlanCard = ({ plan, myTier, tierMap, onSelect, onView, onRefund, refundSec
 
                     <Separator />
 
-                    {/* Courses horizontal scroll */}
-                    {plan.courses?.length > 0 && (
+                    {/* Bundle items horizontal scroll */}
+                    {bundle && (
                         <div className="space-y-2">
                             <p className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground uppercase tracking-wide flex items-center gap-1.5">
-                                <BookOpen className="size-3.5" />
-                                {plan.courses.length} Course{plan.courses.length !== 1 ? "s" : ""} Included
+                                <bundle.icon className="size-3.5" />
+                                Bundle
                             </p>
                             <ScrollArea className="w-md whitespace-nowrap">
                                 <div className="flex gap-3 pb-3 pt-1 w-max">
-                                    {plan.courses.map((course) => (
+                                    {bundle.items.map((item) => (
                                         <div
-                                            key={course.course_id}
+                                            key={item[bundle.idKey]}
                                             className="w-40 shrink-0 rounded-xl border bg-muted/50 p-3 space-y-2"
                                         >
                                             <div className="flex items-start gap-1.5">
                                                 <Check className="size-3.5 mt-0.5 shrink-0 text-green-500" />
                                                 <p className="text-xs font-medium leading-snug line-clamp-3">
-                                                    {course.title}
+                                                    {item.title}
                                                 </p>
                                             </div>
                                             <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
-                                                {course.level && (
+                                                {item.level && (
                                                     <span className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground capitalize">
-                                                        {course.level}
+                                                        {item.level}
                                                     </span>
                                                 )}
-                                                {formatCourseDuration(course.duration_seconds) && (
+                                                {formatCourseDuration(item.duration_seconds) && (
                                                     <span className="text-[11px] text-muted-foreground flex items-center gap-1">
                                                         <Clock className="size-3" />
-                                                        {formatCourseDuration(course.duration_seconds)}
+                                                        {formatCourseDuration(item.duration_seconds)}
                                                     </span>
                                                 )}
                                             </div>
@@ -335,7 +354,7 @@ const PlanCard = ({ plan, myTier, tierMap, onSelect, onView, onRefund, refundSec
                         </div>
                     )}
 
-                    {!isCurrent && plan.tier !== "free" && (
+                    {!isCurrent && !isBlockedByOverlap && plan.tier !== "free" && (
                         <DialogFooter>
                             <Button
                                 className="w-full"
@@ -359,11 +378,11 @@ export default function PlanList() {
     const { fmtDate, fmtCurrency } = useDateFormat();
     const { adLists, listLoading: adLoading, getActiveAdvertisementList, handleAdCtaClick } = useClientAdvertisements();
 
-    const [view, setView] = useState("grid");
     const [refundPlan, setRefundPlan] = useState(null);  // plan being refunded
     const [refundLoading, setRefundLoading] = useState(false);
-    // Keyed by tier slug — a user can hold more than one active tier concurrently,
-    // and each one has its own independent refund window based on its own starts_at.
+    // Keyed by plan_id, not tier slug — two different plans can share a tier
+    // (Tier Plans v2) and each has its own independent refund window based on
+    // its own starts_at.
     const [refundSecsLeftByTier, setRefundSecsLeftByTier] = useState({});
     const refundTimerRef = useRef(null);
 
@@ -385,9 +404,9 @@ export default function PlanList() {
         const compute = () => {
             const map = {};
             for (const t of activeTiers) {
-                if (!t.starts_at) continue;
+                if (!t.starts_at || t.plan_id == null) continue;
                 const elapsed = Math.floor((Date.now() - new Date(t.starts_at).getTime()) / 1000);
-                map[t.tier] = Math.max(0, REFUND_WINDOW_SECS - elapsed);
+                map[t.plan_id] = Math.max(0, REFUND_WINDOW_SECS - elapsed);
             }
             return map;
         };
@@ -406,10 +425,11 @@ export default function PlanList() {
     const handleRefundClick = (plan) => setRefundPlan(plan);
 
     // The plan being refunded may not be the user's "best" tier (myTier), since
-    // more than one can be active at once — resolve its own record for its own
+    // more than one can be active at once — resolve its own record by plan_id
+    // (not tier slug, since two plans can share a tier) for its own
     // expires_at/refund window instead of assuming it matches myTier.
-    const refundPlanTier = (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).find((t) => t.tier === refundPlan?.tier) ?? null;
-    const refundPlanSecsLeft = refundSecsLeftByTier[refundPlan?.tier] ?? 0;
+    const refundPlanTier = (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).find((t) => t.plan_id != null && String(t.plan_id) === String(refundPlan?.plan_id)) ?? null;
+    const refundPlanSecsLeft = refundSecsLeftByTier[refundPlan?.plan_id] ?? 0;
     const isOnlyActiveTier = (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).length <= 1;
 
     const handleConfirmRefund = async () => {
@@ -432,9 +452,9 @@ export default function PlanList() {
     return (
         <div className="mt-17">
             <PageMeta title="Plans - STARR" description="Browse available subscription plans." />
-            <div className="bg-muted min-h-screen">
+            <div className="relative overflow-hidden bg-gradient-to-b from-primary/5 via-background to-background min-h-screen">
                 <div className="lg:container lg:mx-auto space-y-8 p-6">
-                    <div className="xs:pt-2 lg:pt-8 space-y-4">
+                    <div className="relative xs:pt-2 lg:pt-8 space-y-4">
                         {/* Advertisement Banner */}
                         {adLoading["tier_plans.banner"] ? (
                             <BannerSkeleton />
@@ -443,26 +463,20 @@ export default function PlanList() {
                         )}
 
                         {/* Section Header */}
-                        <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-4 mt-6">
+                        <div className="relative flex flex-col items-center gap-4 mt-6">
+                            <Plus aria-hidden className="hidden md:block absolute top-0 left-4 size-5 text-muted-foreground/15 pointer-events-none" />
+                            <Plus aria-hidden className="hidden md:block absolute top-2 right-8 size-4 text-muted-foreground/15 pointer-events-none" />
+                            <Plus aria-hidden className="hidden md:block absolute bottom-0 left-16 size-4 text-muted-foreground/15 pointer-events-none" />
+                            <Plus aria-hidden className="hidden md:block absolute bottom-2 right-20 size-5 text-muted-foreground/15 pointer-events-none" />
                             <div className="text-center my-8">
                                 <h2 className="text-3xl font-bold">Available Plans</h2>
                                 <p className="text-muted-foreground mt-2">
                                     Choose a subscription that matches your goals.
                                 </p>
                             </div>
-                            {!plansLoading && plans.length > 0 && (
-                                <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                                    <Button size="sm" variant={view === "grid" ? "default" : "outline"} onClick={() => setView("grid")}>
-                                        <LaptopMinimal /> Cards
-                                    </Button>
-                                    <Button size="sm" variant={view === "table" ? "default" : "outline"} onClick={() => setView("table")}>
-                                        <TableIcon /> Compare
-                                    </Button>
-                                </div>
-                            )}
                         </div>
 
-                        {/* Plan Cards / Comparison Table */}
+                        {/* Plan Cards */}
                         {plansLoading || tierLoading ? (
                             <div className="grid gap-6 md:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
                                 {Array.from({ length: 3 }).map((_, i) => <PlanSkeleton key={i} />)}
@@ -472,14 +486,6 @@ export default function PlanList() {
                                 <BookOpen className="size-10 mb-3" />
                                 <p className="text-sm">No plans available at the moment.</p>
                             </div>
-                        ) : view === "table" ? (
-                            <PlanComparisonTable
-                                plans={plans}
-                                myTier={myTier}
-                                tierMap={tierMap}
-                                fmtCurrency={fmtCurrency}
-                                onSelect={handleSelectPlan}
-                            />
                         ) : (
                             <div className="grid gap-6 md:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
                                 {plans.map((plan) => (
@@ -491,7 +497,7 @@ export default function PlanList() {
                                         onSelect={handleSelectPlan}
                                         onView={handleViewPlan}
                                         onRefund={handleRefundClick}
-                                        refundSecsLeft={refundSecsLeftByTier[plan.tier] ?? 0}
+                                        refundSecsLeft={refundSecsLeftByTier[plan.plan_id] ?? 0}
                                     />
                                 ))}
                             </div>
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/UnitList.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/UnitList.jsx
index 6de4ea1..4f3ba7e 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/UnitList.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/UnitList.jsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { useState, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from "react";
 import AppBreadcrumb from "@/components/generic/Breadcrumb/AppBreadcrumb";
 import { useParams, useNavigate, useLocation, useBlocker } from "react-router-dom";
-import { House, TableOfContents, ArrowRight, ClipboardList, GraduationCap, Trophy, Lock, CheckCircle2, Circle, Zap, ListChecks, ChevronsLeft, ChevronsRight, Hourglass } from "lucide-react";
+import { House, TableOfContents, ArrowRight, ClipboardList, GraduationCap, Trophy, Lock, CheckCircle2, CheckCheck, Circle, Zap, ListChecks, ChevronsLeft, ChevronsRight, Hourglass, HelpCircle } from "lucide-react";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import {
     Accordion,
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import { useProfile } from "@/contexts/ProfileProvider";
 import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
+import { TYPE_DEFS } from "@/modules/admin/components/courses/completionRequirementTypes";
 
 // ─── Quiz Prerequisite Gate ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -333,44 +334,53 @@ const UnitList = () => {
     const [selectedUnitId, setSelectedUnitId] = useState(null);
     const [sidebarOpen, setSidebarOpen] = useState(false);
     const [desktopSidebarOpen, setDesktopSidebarOpen] = useState(true);
+    const [helpOpen, setHelpOpen] = useState(false);
 
     const resetCompletion = () => setSelectedCompletion(false);
 
-    // ── Course-readiness notices — shown once per course visit, informational only ──
-    // Gated behind the "Course notices" toggle in Account Settings. Sequenced so at
-    // most one is open at a time: missing-quiz notice (unit-level) takes priority,
-    // then no-assessment (course-level) once that one is dismissed.
-    const [missingQuizDialogOpen, setMissingQuizDialogOpen] = useState(false);
-    const [noAssessmentDialogOpen, setNoAssessmentDialogOpen] = useState(false);
-    const missingQuizNoticeShown = useRef(false);
-    const noAssessmentNoticeShown = useRef(false);
+    // ── Course-readiness notice — shown once per course visit, informational only ──
+    // Gated behind the "Course notices" toggle in Account Settings. Missing-quiz and
+    // no-assessment are merged into a single dialog instead of two separate popups.
+    const [courseNoticeDialogOpen, setCourseNoticeDialogOpen] = useState(false);
+    const [courseNoticeMissingQuiz, setCourseNoticeMissingQuiz] = useState(false);
+    const [courseNoticeNoAssessment, setCourseNoticeNoAssessment] = useState(false);
+    const courseNoticeShown = useRef(false);
 
     useEffect(() => {
         getProfile();
     }, []); // eslint-disable-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        missingQuizNoticeShown.current = false;
-        noAssessmentNoticeShown.current = false;
+        courseNoticeShown.current = false;
     }, [courseId]);
 
     useEffect(() => {
         const noticesEnabled =
             course && !courseBlocked && course.duration_seconds &&
             profile && (profile.personal_info?.show_course_notices ?? true);
-        if (!noticesEnabled) return;
+        if (!noticesEnabled || courseNoticeShown.current) return;
 
-        if (!missingQuizNoticeShown.current && (course.units ?? []).some((u) => !u.quiz)) {
-            missingQuizNoticeShown.current = true;
-            setMissingQuizDialogOpen(true);
-            return; // let the assessment notice wait until this one is dismissed
-        }
-        if (missingQuizDialogOpen) return;
-        if (!noAssessmentNoticeShown.current && !course.assessment) {
-            noAssessmentNoticeShown.current = true;
-            setNoAssessmentDialogOpen(true);
-        }
-    }, [course, courseBlocked, profile, missingQuizDialogOpen]);
+        const missingQuiz = (course.units ?? []).some((u) => !u.quiz);
+        const noAssessment = !course.assessment;
+        if (!missingQuiz && !noAssessment) return;
+
+        courseNoticeShown.current = true;
+        setCourseNoticeMissingQuiz(missingQuiz);
+        setCourseNoticeNoAssessment(noAssessment);
+        setCourseNoticeDialogOpen(true);
+    }, [course, courseBlocked, profile]);
+
+    const courseNoticeTitle = courseNoticeMissingQuiz && courseNoticeNoAssessment
+        ? "Quizzes & Assessment Coming Soon"
+        : courseNoticeMissingQuiz
+        ? "Quizzes Coming Soon"
+        : "Assessment Coming Soon";
+
+    const courseNoticeDescription = courseNoticeMissingQuiz && courseNoticeNoAssessment
+        ? "Some units in this course don't have a quiz yet, and this course does not have an assessment built yet — we are currently working on both. You may proceed with your studies. Enjoy!"
+        : courseNoticeMissingQuiz
+        ? "Some units in this course don't have a quiz yet — we are currently working on it. You may proceed with your studies. Enjoy!"
+        : "This course does not have an assessment built yet — we are currently working on it. You may proceed with your studies. Enjoy!";
 
     // ── Session guard — block navigation while a quiz/assessment is in progress ─
     const quizActiveRef                   = useRef(false);   // sync check inside handlers
@@ -454,15 +464,48 @@ const UnitList = () => {
     }, [selectedLessonId, selectedQuizId, selectedAssessment, selectedCompletion]);
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        const handleScroll = () => {
+        // Content shorter than the viewport (nothing to scroll) used to flag 100%
+        // on the spot — but right after switching lessons the video/image blocks
+        // haven't finished loading yet, so that snapshot is often taken against a
+        // still-collapsed layout and fires a false "completed" before the real
+        // (taller) content has even rendered. Debounce a settle window and
+        // re-check before trusting it.
+        let settleTimer = null;
+
+        const evaluate = () => {
             const scrollTop = window.scrollY;
             const scrollHeight = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight;
-            if (scrollHeight <= 0) { setScrollProgress(100); return; }
-            setScrollProgress(Math.round((scrollTop / scrollHeight) * 100));
+
+            if (scrollHeight <= 0) {
+                if (settleTimer) return;
+                settleTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+                    settleTimer = null;
+                    const stillShort = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight <= 0;
+                    if (stillShort) setScrollProgress(100);
+                }, 1200);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (settleTimer) { clearTimeout(settleTimer); settleTimer = null; }
+
+            // Percentage rounding alone can hit 100 a few pixels short of the real
+            // bottom (e.g. 99.5% rounds up), which was enough to auto-fire
+            // completion before the reader actually reached the end — while a "How
+            // to complete" explainer sits right there telling the learner it isn't
+            // done yet. Cap the ratio-derived value at 90 and only award the true
+            // 100 when the scroll position has actually reached the bottom.
+            const atBottom = scrollTop >= scrollHeight - 4;
+            setScrollProgress(atBottom ? 100 : Math.min(Math.round((scrollTop / scrollHeight) * 100), 90));
         };
-        window.addEventListener("scroll", handleScroll, { passive: true });
-        return () => window.removeEventListener("scroll", handleScroll);
-    }, []);
+
+        evaluate(); // seed a measurement — short content may never fire a scroll event
+        window.addEventListener("scroll", evaluate, { passive: true });
+
+        return () => {
+            window.removeEventListener("scroll", evaluate);
+            if (settleTimer) clearTimeout(settleTimer);
+        };
+    }, [selectedLessonId, selectedQuizId, selectedAssessment, selectedCompletion]);
 
     // ── Lesson completion-trigger dispatch ─────────────────────────────────
     // read_all_content (or unconfigured/default) → scroll-to-bottom, below.
@@ -622,6 +665,14 @@ const UnitList = () => {
     const currentUnit = course?.units?.find((u) => u.unit_id === selectedUnitId);
     const currentLesson = lesson;
     const currentLessonStub = currentUnit?.lessons?.find((l) => l.lesson_id === selectedLessonId) ?? null;
+
+    // ── "How to complete" help text — this lesson's / this unit's / this course's
+    // configured completion requirement (or the default implicit rule).
+    const unitCompletionType = currentUnit?.completion?.type ?? 'read_all_content';
+    const courseCompletionType = course?.completion?.type ?? 'read_all_content';
+    const lessonRequirementText = TYPE_DEFS[selectedLessonCompletionType]?.describe('lesson');
+    const unitRequirementText = TYPE_DEFS[unitCompletionType]?.describe('unit');
+    const courseRequirementText = TYPE_DEFS[courseCompletionType]?.describe('course');
     const pageTitle = (() => {
         if (!course) return undefined;
         if (selectedCompletion) return `${course.title} – Completed - STARR`;
@@ -860,21 +911,65 @@ const UnitList = () => {
                 </div>
             </ResponsiveModal>
 
-            {/* ── Missing-quiz notice — informational, shown once per course visit ── */}
+            {/* ── Course-readiness notice — informational, shown once per course visit ── */}
             <InfoDialog
-                open={missingQuizDialogOpen}
-                onOpenChange={setMissingQuizDialogOpen}
-                title="Quizzes Coming Soon"
-                description="Some units in this course don't have a quiz yet — we are currently working on it. You may proceed with your studies. Enjoy!"
+                open={courseNoticeDialogOpen}
+                onOpenChange={setCourseNoticeDialogOpen}
+                title={courseNoticeTitle}
+                description={courseNoticeDescription}
             />
 
-            {/* ── No-assessment notice — informational, shown once per course visit ── */}
-            <InfoDialog
-                open={noAssessmentDialogOpen}
-                onOpenChange={setNoAssessmentDialogOpen}
-                title="Assessment Coming Soon"
-                description="This course does not have an assessment built yet — we are currently working on it. You may proceed with your studies. Enjoy!"
-            />
+            {/* ── "How to complete" help dialog ── */}
+            <ResponsiveModal
+                open={helpOpen}
+                onOpenChange={setHelpOpen}
+                title="How to complete this content"
+                description=""
+                footer={<Button onClick={() => setHelpOpen(false)}>Got it</Button>}
+            >
+                <div className="space-y-3 text-sm">
+                    <div className="flex items-start gap-3 rounded-lg border p-3">
+                        {(() => {
+                            const Icon = TYPE_DEFS[selectedLessonCompletionType]?.icon;
+                            return Icon ? <Icon className="size-4 mt-0.5 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" /> : null;
+                        })()}
+                        <div>
+                            <p className="font-medium">This lesson</p>
+                            <p className="text-muted-foreground">{lessonRequirementText}</p>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="flex items-start gap-3 rounded-lg border p-3">
+                        {(() => {
+                            const Icon = TYPE_DEFS[unitCompletionType]?.icon;
+                            return Icon ? <Icon className="size-4 mt-0.5 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" /> : null;
+                        })()}
+                        <div>
+                            <p className="font-medium">This unit</p>
+                            <p className="text-muted-foreground">{unitRequirementText}</p>
+                            {currentUnit?.quiz && unitCompletionType !== 'pass_quiz' && (
+                                <p className="text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+                                    This unit also has a quiz — passing it is tracked separately from the unit's completion status.
+                                </p>
+                            )}
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="flex items-start gap-3 rounded-lg border p-3">
+                        {(() => {
+                            const Icon = TYPE_DEFS[courseCompletionType]?.icon;
+                            return Icon ? <Icon className="size-4 mt-0.5 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" /> : null;
+                        })()}
+                        <div>
+                            <p className="font-medium">This course</p>
+                            <p className="text-muted-foreground">{courseRequirementText}</p>
+                            {course?.assessment && courseCompletionType !== 'pass_quiz' && (
+                                <p className="text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+                                    This course also has a final assessment — passing it is tracked separately from the course's completion status.
+                                </p>
+                            )}
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </ResponsiveModal>
 
             {/* ── Task-mode banner ─────────────────────────────────────────── */}
             {taskCtx?.has_task && (
@@ -891,24 +986,6 @@ const UnitList = () => {
                 </div>
             )}
 
-            {/* ── Up next floating button (lesson only — quizzes/assessments have their own bottom controls) ── */}
-            {scrollProgress >= 100 && nextContent && !selectedQuizId && !selectedAssessment && (
-                <div className="fixed bottom-6 right-6 z-20 animate-in fade-in slide-in-from-bottom-2 duration-300">
-                    <div
-                        onClick={handleNextContentClick}
-                        className="flex items-center gap-3 bg-card border rounded-xl dark:hover:border-blue-500 dark:hover:shadow-blue-500 px-4 py-3 shadow-xl hover:bg-muted transition-colors text-sm font-medium cursor-pointer select-none"
-                    >
-                        <div className="flex flex-col items-start">
-                            <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground font-normal">Up next</span>
-                            {nextContent.type === "lesson" ? nextContent.lesson.title
-                                : nextContent.type === "quiz" ? (nextContent.quiz.title || "Quiz")
-                                : (nextContent.assessment?.title || "Course Assessment")}
-                        </div>
-                        <ArrowRight className="size-4 text-muted-foreground" />
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-            )}
-
             {/* ── Up next after passing a quiz ── */}
             {selectedQuizId && quiz?.has_passed && !quizSessionActive && nextContent && (
                 <div className="fixed bottom-6 right-6 z-20 animate-in fade-in slide-in-from-bottom-2 duration-300">
@@ -940,6 +1017,25 @@ const UnitList = () => {
                             <AppBreadcrumb items={breadcrumbItemsMobile} />
                         </div>
 
+                        {!selectedQuizId && !selectedAssessment && !selectedCompletion && lesson && (
+                            isProgressCompleted(lesson.uuid) ? (
+                                <div className="hidden lg:flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm font-medium text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400 shrink-0">
+                                    <CheckCheck className="size-4" />
+                                    Done
+                                </div>
+                            ) : (
+                                <Button
+                                    variant="ghost"
+                                    size="sm"
+                                    className="hidden lg:flex items-center gap-1.5 text-muted-foreground shrink-0"
+                                    onClick={() => setHelpOpen(true)}
+                                >
+                                    <HelpCircle className="size-4" />
+                                    How to complete
+                                </Button>
+                            )
+                        )}
+
                         {/* Mobile hamburger */}
                         <Sheet open={sidebarOpen} onOpenChange={setSidebarOpen}>
                             <SheetTrigger asChild>
@@ -1033,7 +1129,7 @@ const UnitList = () => {
 
             {/* ── Main content ── */}
             <div className={`${taskCtx?.has_task ? "xs:mt-42 lg:mt-36" : "mt-32"} ${showSidebarContent ? "lg:ml-80" : "lg:ml-14"} p-4 md:p-6 min-h-screen`}>
-                <div className="relative w-full h-full">
+                <div className={`relative w-full h-full ${showSidebarContent ? "" : "mx-auto max-w-xl"}`}>
                     {selectedCompletion ? (
                         <CourseCompleteBlock course={course} />
                     ) : selectedAssessment ? (
@@ -1101,6 +1197,20 @@ const UnitList = () => {
                                     onMarkComplete={handleMarkComplete}
                                 />
                             )}
+                            {!lessonLoading && lesson && scrollProgress >= 100 && nextContent && (
+                                <div className="max-w-2xl mx-auto mt-5 animate-in fade-in slide-in-from-bottom-2 duration-300">
+                                    <div
+                                        onClick={handleNextContentClick}
+                                        className="flex items-center gap-3 bg-card border rounded-xl px-4 py-3 shadow-sm hover:bg-muted transition-colors text-sm font-medium cursor-pointer select-none"
+                                    >
+                                        <div className="flex flex-col items-start flex-1">
+                                            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground font-normal">Up next</span>
+                                            <span>{nextLabel}</span>
+                                        </div>
+                                        <ArrowRight className="size-4 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" />
+                                    </div>
+                                </div>
+                            )}
                         </>
                     )}
                 </div>
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/UnitReader.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/UnitReader.jsx
index f3719f4..51b4ff2 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/UnitReader.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/UnitReader.jsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { useState, useCallback, useEffect, useRef } from "react";
 import AppBreadcrumb from "@/components/generic/Breadcrumb/AppBreadcrumb";
 import { useParams, useNavigate, useLocation, useBlocker } from "react-router-dom";
-import { House, TableOfContents, ArrowRight, ClipboardList, Lock, CheckCircle2, Circle, Zap, ChevronsLeft, ChevronsRight, Hourglass, ListChecks } from "lucide-react";
+import { House, TableOfContents, ArrowRight, ClipboardList, Lock, CheckCircle2, CheckCheck, Circle, Zap, ChevronsLeft, ChevronsRight, Hourglass, ListChecks, HelpCircle } from "lucide-react";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { ScrollArea, ScrollBar } from "@/components/ui/scroll-area";
 import { Sheet, SheetContent, SheetTrigger } from "@/components/ui/sheet";
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { PageMeta } from "@/contexts/MetadataContext";
 import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import api from "@/utils/api.util";
+import { TYPE_DEFS } from "@/modules/admin/components/courses/completionRequirementTypes";
 
 // ─── Sidebar (single unit — flat lessons + quiz, no unit-accordion nesting) ──
 
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@ const UnitReader = () => {
     const [selectedQuizId, setSelectedQuizId] = useState(null);
     const [sidebarOpen, setSidebarOpen] = useState(false);
     const [desktopSidebarOpen, setDesktopSidebarOpen] = useState(true);
+    const [helpOpen, setHelpOpen] = useState(false);
 
     // ── Session guard — block navigation while a quiz is in progress ─────────
     const quizActiveRef = useRef(false);
@@ -151,15 +153,48 @@ const UnitReader = () => {
     }, [selectedLessonId, selectedQuizId]);
 
     useEffect(() => {
-        const handleScroll = () => {
+        // Content shorter than the viewport (nothing to scroll) used to flag 100%
+        // on the spot — but right after switching lessons the video/image blocks
+        // haven't finished loading yet, so that snapshot is often taken against a
+        // still-collapsed layout and fires a false "completed" before the real
+        // (taller) content has even rendered. Debounce a settle window and
+        // re-check before trusting it.
+        let settleTimer = null;
+
+        const evaluate = () => {
             const scrollTop = window.scrollY;
             const scrollHeight = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight;
-            if (scrollHeight <= 0) { setScrollProgress(100); return; }
-            setScrollProgress(Math.round((scrollTop / scrollHeight) * 100));
+
+            if (scrollHeight <= 0) {
+                if (settleTimer) return;
+                settleTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+                    settleTimer = null;
+                    const stillShort = document.documentElement.scrollHeight - window.innerHeight <= 0;
+                    if (stillShort) setScrollProgress(100);
+                }, 1200);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (settleTimer) { clearTimeout(settleTimer); settleTimer = null; }
+
+            // Percentage rounding alone can hit 100 a few pixels short of the real
+            // bottom (e.g. 99.5% rounds up), which was enough to auto-fire
+            // completion before the reader actually reached the end — while a "How
+            // to complete" explainer sits right there telling the learner it isn't
+            // done yet. Cap the ratio-derived value at 90 and only award the true
+            // 100 when the scroll position has actually reached the bottom.
+            const atBottom = scrollTop >= scrollHeight - 4;
+            setScrollProgress(atBottom ? 100 : Math.min(Math.round((scrollTop / scrollHeight) * 100), 90));
         };
-        window.addEventListener("scroll", handleScroll, { passive: true });
-        return () => window.removeEventListener("scroll", handleScroll);
-    }, []);
+
+        evaluate(); // seed a measurement — short content may never fire a scroll event
+        window.addEventListener("scroll", evaluate, { passive: true });
+
+        return () => {
+            window.removeEventListener("scroll", evaluate);
+            if (settleTimer) clearTimeout(settleTimer);
+        };
+    }, [selectedLessonId, selectedQuizId]);
 
     // ── Lesson completion-trigger dispatch (mirrors UnitList.jsx) ──────────
     // read_all_content (or unconfigured/default) → scroll-to-bottom, below.
@@ -167,6 +202,12 @@ const UnitReader = () => {
     // trigger must NOT also fire completion for those, so it's gated here.
     const lessonCompletionType = lesson?.completion?.type ?? 'read_all_content';
 
+    // ── "How to complete" help text — explains this lesson's and this unit's
+    // configured completion requirement (or the default implicit rule).
+    const unitCompletionType = unitDetail?.completion?.type ?? 'read_all_content';
+    const lessonRequirementText = TYPE_DEFS[lessonCompletionType]?.describe('lesson');
+    const unitRequirementText = TYPE_DEFS[unitCompletionType]?.describe('unit');
+
     // ── Mark lesson completed when user scrolls to the bottom ─────────────
     useEffect(() => {
         if (lessonCompletionType !== 'read_all_content') return;
@@ -401,6 +442,43 @@ const UnitReader = () => {
                 </div>
             </ResponsiveModal>
 
+            {/* ── "How to complete" help dialog ── */}
+            <ResponsiveModal
+                open={helpOpen}
+                onOpenChange={setHelpOpen}
+                title="How to complete this content"
+                description=""
+                footer={<Button onClick={() => setHelpOpen(false)}>Got it</Button>}
+            >
+                <div className="space-y-3 text-sm">
+                    <div className="flex items-start gap-3 rounded-lg border p-3">
+                        {(() => {
+                            const Icon = TYPE_DEFS[lessonCompletionType]?.icon;
+                            return Icon ? <Icon className="size-4 mt-0.5 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" /> : null;
+                        })()}
+                        <div>
+                            <p className="font-medium">This lesson</p>
+                            <p className="text-muted-foreground">{lessonRequirementText}</p>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                    <div className="flex items-start gap-3 rounded-lg border p-3">
+                        {(() => {
+                            const Icon = TYPE_DEFS[unitCompletionType]?.icon;
+                            return Icon ? <Icon className="size-4 mt-0.5 text-muted-foreground shrink-0" /> : null;
+                        })()}
+                        <div>
+                            <p className="font-medium">This unit</p>
+                            <p className="text-muted-foreground">{unitRequirementText}</p>
+                            {unitDetail?.quiz && unitCompletionType !== 'pass_quiz' && (
+                                <p className="text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+                                    This unit also has a quiz — passing it is tracked separately from the unit's completion status.
+                                </p>
+                            )}
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </ResponsiveModal>
+
             {/* ── Up next floating button ── */}
             {scrollProgress >= 100 && nextContent && !selectedQuizId && (
                 <div className="fixed bottom-6 right-6 z-20 animate-in fade-in slide-in-from-bottom-2 duration-300">
@@ -443,6 +521,25 @@ const UnitReader = () => {
                             <AppBreadcrumb items={breadcrumbItemsMobile} />
                         </div>
 
+                        {!selectedQuizId && lesson && (
+                            lesson.status === 'completed' ? (
+                                <div className="hidden lg:flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm font-medium text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400 shrink-0">
+                                    <CheckCheck className="size-4" />
+                                    Done
+                                </div>
+                            ) : (
+                                <Button
+                                    variant="outline"
+                                    size="sm"
+                                    className="hidden lg:flex items-center gap-1.5 text-muted-foreground shrink-0"
+                                    onClick={() => setHelpOpen(true)}
+                                >
+                                    <HelpCircle className="size-4" />
+                                    How to complete
+                                </Button>
+                            )
+                        )}
+
                         <Sheet open={sidebarOpen} onOpenChange={setSidebarOpen}>
                             <SheetTrigger asChild>
                                 <Button variant="outline" size="icon" className="lg:hidden flex-shrink-0" aria-label="Open unit content">
@@ -521,7 +618,7 @@ const UnitReader = () => {
 
             {/* ── Main content ── */}
             <div className={`${taskCtx?.has_task ? "xs:mt-42 lg:mt-36" : "mt-32"} ${showSidebarContent ? "lg:ml-80" : "lg:ml-14"} p-4 md:p-6 min-h-screen`}>
-                <div className="relative w-full h-full">
+                <div className={`relative w-full h-full ${showSidebarContent ? "" : "mx-auto max-w-xl"}`}>
                     {selectedQuizId ? (
                         <QuizBlock
                             quiz={quiz}
diff --git a/src/modules/client/pages/ViewPlan.jsx b/src/modules/client/pages/ViewPlan.jsx
index 0c2a54a..60ce37c 100644
--- a/src/modules/client/pages/ViewPlan.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/client/pages/ViewPlan.jsx
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
 import { Skeleton } from "@/components/ui/skeleton";
 import {
-    ArrowLeft, BookOpen, Clock, Check,
+    ArrowLeft, BookOpen, Clock, Check, Lock,
     Tag, CalendarDays,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { useClientTiers } from "@/contexts/ClientTiersProvider";
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { PageMeta } from "@/contexts/MetadataContext";
 import { useDateFormat } from "@/hooks/useDateFormat";
 import { resolveTierBadge } from "@/utils/tierBadge.util";
 import { getTierColor } from "@/utils/tierColors";
+import { getBundleContent, overlapsExistingAccess, isPlanCurrent } from "@/utils/planBundle.util";
 
 // ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -80,11 +81,19 @@ const ViewPlan = () => {
     const accentBorder = colors.panel.border;
     const features = plan.features ?? [];
     const duration = formatDuration(plan.duration_days, plan.duration_unit);
-    // A user can hold more than one active tier concurrently — check membership
-    // in the full active set, not just the best one.
-    const isCurrent = (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).some((t) => t.tier === plan.tier);
+    // "Current" means the user actually purchased THIS exact plan (matched by
+    // plan_id), not just any plan sharing the same tier slug — two different
+    // plans can share a tier and stay independently active (Tier Plans v2).
+    const isCurrent = isPlanCurrent(plan, myTier);
+    // Blocked-by-overlap ("already covered") — plan isn't owned, but at least
+    // one of its bundle items is already granted by something else the user
+    // holds (Scenario 3): shown, not hidden, but purchase is disabled.
+    const isBlockedByOverlap = !isCurrent && overlapsExistingAccess(plan, myTier?.my_grants);
 
-    const totalSeconds  = (plan.courses ?? []).reduce((sum, c) => sum + (c.duration_seconds ?? 0), 0);
+    const bundle = getBundleContent(plan);
+    const bundleCount = bundle?.items?.length ?? 0;
+    const BundleIcon = bundle?.icon ?? BookOpen;
+    const totalSeconds  = (bundle?.items ?? []).reduce((sum, c) => sum + (c.duration_seconds ?? 0), 0);
     const totalDuration = formatCourseDuration(totalSeconds);
 
     return (
@@ -137,15 +146,11 @@ const ViewPlan = () => {
                             <Badge className="bg-white/20 border border-white/30 text-white px-4 py-2 text-sm font-medium">
                                 Not Available at the Moment
                             </Badge>
-                        ) : (
-                            <Button
-                                size="lg"
-                                className="bg-white text-gray-900 hover:bg-white/90 font-bold shadow-xl"
-                                onClick={() => navigate(`/plans/checkout?plan_id=${plan.plan_id}`)}
-                            >
-                                Get Started →
-                            </Button>
-                        )}
+                        ) : isBlockedByOverlap ? (
+                            <Badge className="bg-white/20 border border-white/30 text-white px-4 py-2 text-sm font-medium">
+                                <Lock className="size-3.5 mr-1" /> Already Included in Your Plan
+                            </Badge>
+                        ) : null}
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </div>
@@ -174,7 +179,7 @@ const ViewPlan = () => {
                 {/* ── Stats row ─────────────────────────────────────────── */}
                 <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-3">
                     {[
-                        { label: "Courses",  value: plan.course_count ?? 0,    icon: BookOpen },
+                        { label: bundle ? `${bundle.noun}s` : "Courses", value: bundleCount,  icon: BundleIcon },
                         { label: "Content",  value: totalDuration ?? "—",      icon: Clock },
                         { label: "Access",   value: duration ?? "Lifetime",    icon: CalendarDays },
                     ].map(({ label, value, icon: StatIcon }) => (
@@ -186,39 +191,39 @@ const ViewPlan = () => {
                     ))}
                 </div>
 
-                {/* ── Included Courses ──────────────────────────────────── */}
+                {/* ── Included Items ─────────────────────────────────────── */}
                 <div className="rounded-2xl bg-card border overflow-hidden">
                     <div className="px-5 py-4 border-b flex items-center justify-between">
                         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                            <BookOpen className="size-4" style={accentStyle} />
-                            <span className="text-sm font-semibold">Included Courses</span>
+                            <BundleIcon className="size-4" style={accentStyle} />
+                            <span className="text-sm font-semibold">Bundle</span>
                         </div>
-                        <Badge variant="secondary">{plan.course_count ?? 0}</Badge>
+                        <Badge variant="secondary">{bundleCount}</Badge>
                     </div>
 
                     <div className="divide-y">
-                        {plan.courses?.length > 0 ? (
-                            plan.courses.map((course) => (
-                                <div key={course.course_id} className="flex items-start gap-4 px-5 py-4">
+                        {bundle ? (
+                            bundle.items.map((item) => (
+                                <div key={item[bundle.idKey]} className="flex items-start gap-4 px-5 py-4">
                                     <div className={`h-10 w-10 rounded-xl ${accentBg} border ${accentBorder} flex items-center justify-center shrink-0`}>
-                                        <BookOpen className="size-5" style={accentStyle} />
+                                        <bundle.icon className="size-5" style={accentStyle} />
                                     </div>
                                     <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
-                                        <p className="text-sm font-semibold line-clamp-1">{course.title}</p>
+                                        <p className="text-sm font-semibold line-clamp-1">{item.title}</p>
                                         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-1 flex-wrap">
-                                            {course.level && (
+                                            {item.level && (
                                                 <Badge variant="outline" className="text-xs capitalize h-5">
-                                                    {course.level}
+                                                    {item.level}
                                                 </Badge>
                                             )}
-                                            {formatCourseDuration(course.duration_seconds) && (
+                                            {formatCourseDuration(item.duration_seconds) && (
                                                 <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground flex items-center gap-1">
                                                     <Clock className="size-3" />
-                                                    {formatCourseDuration(course.duration_seconds)}
+                                                    {formatCourseDuration(item.duration_seconds)}
                                                 </span>
                                             )}
-                                            {course.course_code && (
-                                                <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{course.course_code}</span>
+                                            {item.course_code && (
+                                                <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{item.course_code}</span>
                                             )}
                                         </div>
                                     </div>
@@ -232,7 +237,7 @@ const ViewPlan = () => {
                                 <div className={`h-14 w-14 rounded-2xl ${accentBg} border ${accentBorder} flex items-center justify-center mb-3`}>
                                     <BookOpen className="size-7" style={accentStyle} />
                                 </div>
-                                <p className="font-semibold text-sm">Courses coming soon</p>
+                                <p className="font-semibold text-sm">Content coming soon</p>
                                 <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1 max-w-xs">
                                     We're curating the best content for this plan. Subscribe now and get instant access the moment they go live.
                                 </p>
@@ -250,22 +255,17 @@ const ViewPlan = () => {
                         </div>
                         <div className="relative">
                             <p className="text-white font-bold text-lg mb-1">
-                                {plan.is_active ? "Ready to get started?" : "Coming Soon"}
+                                {isBlockedByOverlap ? "Already Included" : plan.is_active ? "Ready to get started?" : "Coming Soon"}
                             </p>
                             <p className="text-white/70 text-sm mb-5 max-w-xs mx-auto">
-                                {plan.is_active
+                                {isBlockedByOverlap
+                                    ? "Your existing access already covers item(s) in this bundle, so it can't be purchased separately."
+                                    : plan.is_active
                                     ? (plan.description || `Everything you need with the ${tierLabel} plan.`)
                                     : "This plan is not available for purchase at the moment. Check back later."}
                             </p>
                             <div className="flex flex-col sm:flex-row gap-3 justify-center">
-                                <Button
-                                    variant="ghost"
-                                    className="text-white/80 hover:text-white hover:bg-white/10"
-                                    onClick={() => navigate("/plans")}
-                                >
-                                    View All Plans
-                                </Button>
-                                {plan.is_active && (
+                                {plan.is_active && !isBlockedByOverlap && (
                                     <Button
                                         size="lg"
                                         className="bg-white text-gray-900 hover:bg-white/90 font-bold shadow-lg"
diff --git a/src/modules/public/pages/LandingFooter.jsx b/src/modules/public/pages/LandingFooter.jsx
index 2a03cdb..622d3ad 100644
--- a/src/modules/public/pages/LandingFooter.jsx
+++ b/src/modules/public/pages/LandingFooter.jsx
@@ -94,10 +94,15 @@ export default function Footer() {
 
       </div>
       {/* Copyright */}
-      <div className="p-8 border-t">
+      <div className="p-8 border-t space-y-2">
         <p className="text-center text-muted-foreground text-sm">
           &copy; {new Date().getFullYear()} Philproperties International Corporation. All rights reserved.
         </p>
+        <p className="text-center text-sm">
+          <Link to="/privacy-policy" className="text-muted-foreground underline hover:text-primary dark:hover:text-white">
+            Privacy Policy
+          </Link>
+        </p>
       </div>
     </footer>
   )
diff --git a/src/modules/public/pages/PrivacyPolicy.jsx b/src/modules/public/pages/PrivacyPolicy.jsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b14a7a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/modules/public/pages/PrivacyPolicy.jsx
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/***********************************************************************************************************************************************************************
+* File Name: PrivacyPolicy.jsx
+* Type of Program: Frontend Page
+* Description: Public privacy policy page. Required by Google as the Privacy Policy URL
+*              for OAuth sensitive-scope verification (Gmail API gmail.send usage).
+* Module: Public
+* Author: Kenneth Obsequio
+* Date Created: Aug. 4, 2026
+***********************************************************************************************************************************************************************/
+
+const LAST_UPDATED = 'August 4, 2026'
+
+function Section({ title, children }) {
+  return (
+    <section className="space-y-3">
+      <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold text-primary dark:text-white tracking-tight">{title}</h2>
+      <div className="space-y-3 text-muted-foreground leading-relaxed">{children}</div>
+    </section>
+  )
+}
+
+export default function PrivacyPolicy() {
+  return (
+    <div className="max-w-3xl mx-auto px-6 py-16 space-y-10">
+      <div className="space-y-2">
+        <h1 className="text-3xl font-bold text-primary dark:text-white tracking-tighter">Privacy Policy</h1>
+        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Last updated: {LAST_UPDATED}</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <Section title="Introduction">
+        <p>
+          STARR ("we", "our", "us") is a learning management system operated by Philproperties
+          International Corporation. This policy explains what information we collect through
+          starr.philproperties.orij.space, how we use it, and how it is protected.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title="Information We Collect">
+        <p>
+          When you register or use an account on STARR, we collect the information you provide
+          directly, such as your name, email address, and contact details, along with information
+          generated by your use of the platform, such as course enrollment, progress, and quiz
+          results.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          If you make a purchase, payment is processed by PayPal. We do not collect or store your
+          payment card details ourselves.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title="Google Sign-In">
+        <p>
+          If you choose to sign in with Google, we receive only your name, email address, and
+          profile picture from your Google account, used solely to create and authenticate your
+          STARR account. We do not request or receive access to any other Google data through this
+          sign-in.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title="Google API Services — Gmail API Use">
+        <p>
+          STARR uses the Gmail API, specifically the <code className="text-sm bg-muted px-1 py-0.5 rounded">gmail.send</code> scope,
+          solely to send transactional system emails — such as one-time passcodes (OTP) for login
+          and account notifications — from our own service mailbox. This scope only permits sending
+          mail; it does not grant access to read, collect, or share the content of any Gmail
+          account, including our own.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          STARR's use and transfer of information received from Google APIs adheres to the{' '}
+          <a
+            href="https://developers.google.com/terms/api-services-user-data-policy"
+            target="_blank"
+            rel="noreferrer"
+            className="underline hover:text-primary dark:hover:text-white"
+          >
+            Google API Services User Data Policy
+          </a>, including the Limited Use requirements.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title="Data Security">
+        <p>
+          We use industry-standard measures, including encryption in transit, to protect the
+          information you provide. Access to user data within STARR is restricted to personnel who
+          need it to operate the platform.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title="Data Retention">
+        <p>
+          We retain account and course-activity information for as long as your account remains
+          active, or as needed to comply with legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce our
+          agreements.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title="Changes to This Policy">
+        <p>
+          We may update this policy from time to time. Material changes will be reflected by
+          updating the "Last updated" date above.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+
+      <Section title="Contact Us">
+        <p>
+          If you have questions about this policy or how your information is handled, contact us at{' '}
+          <a href="mailto:services.philpro@gmail.com" className="underline hover:text-primary dark:hover:text-white">
+            services.philpro@gmail.com
+          </a>.
+        </p>
+      </Section>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/src/routes/router.jsx b/src/routes/router.jsx
index fc3be78..6274a17 100644
--- a/src/routes/router.jsx
+++ b/src/routes/router.jsx
@@ -4,11 +4,15 @@ import { ClientRoutes } from '../modules/client/routes/ClientRoutes'
 import { StaffRoutes }  from '../modules/staff/routes/StaffRoutes'
 import { AuthRoutes }   from '../modules/auth/routes/AuthRoutes'
 import NotFound from '@/modules/public/pages/NotFound'
+import LandingLayout from '@/modules/public/layouts/LandingLayout'
+import PrivacyPolicy from '@/modules/public/pages/PrivacyPolicy'
 
 export const router = createBrowserRouter([
   AuthRoutes,      // "/" → Login, guarded by PublicRoute
   AdminRoutes,     // "/admin" → guarded by ProtectedRoute allowedRoles=['admin']
   ClientRoutes,    // "/client" → guarded by ProtectedRoute allowedRoles=['client']
   StaffRoutes,     // "/staff" → guarded by ProtectedRoute allowedRoles=['staff']
+  // Unguarded — must stay reachable regardless of auth state (Google OAuth verification requirement)
+  { path: '/privacy-policy', element: <LandingLayout><PrivacyPolicy /></LandingLayout> },
   { path: '*', element: <NotFound /> },
 ])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/utils/planBundle.util.js b/src/utils/planBundle.util.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09ef9f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/planBundle.util.js
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { BookOpen, Layers, FileText } from "lucide-react";
+
+// A plan's bundle is single-type (Tier Plans v2) — resolve whichever of
+// courses/units/lessons is actually populated instead of assuming courses.
+const BUNDLE_META = {
+    course: { icon: BookOpen, idKey: "course_id", noun: "Course" },
+    unit:   { icon: Layers,   idKey: "unit_id",   noun: "Unit" },
+    lesson: { icon: FileText, idKey: "lesson_id", noun: "Lesson" },
+};
+
+export function getBundleContent(plan) {
+    if (plan?.courses?.length) return { type: "course", items: plan.courses, ...BUNDLE_META.course };
+    if (plan?.units?.length)   return { type: "unit",   items: plan.units,   ...BUNDLE_META.unit };
+    if (plan?.lessons?.length) return { type: "lesson", items: plan.lessons, ...BUNDLE_META.lesson };
+    return null;
+}
+
+// Item-specific "already covered" check (Tier Plans v2) — a plan is blocked
+// from purchase if ANY of its bundle items overlap the user's existing
+// granted items, even partially, regardless of tier slug.
+export function overlapsExistingAccess(plan, myGrants) {
+    if (!myGrants) return false;
+    const overlaps = (planIds = [], grantedIds = []) => {
+        const granted = new Set((grantedIds ?? []).map(String));
+        return (planIds ?? []).some((id) => granted.has(String(id)));
+    };
+    return (
+        overlaps(plan?.course_ids, myGrants.course_ids) ||
+        overlaps(plan?.unit_ids, myGrants.unit_ids) ||
+        overlaps(plan?.lesson_ids, myGrants.lesson_ids)
+    );
+}
+
+// "Current" means the user actually purchased THIS exact plan (matched by
+// plan_id) and it's still active — NOT just any plan sharing the same tier
+// slug. Two different plans can be the same tier (e.g. two Premium bundles)
+// and stay independently active (Tier Plans v2).
+export function isPlanCurrent(plan, myTier) {
+    return (myTier?.active_tiers ?? []).some((t) => t.plan_id != null && String(t.plan_id) === String(plan?.plan_id));
+}
diff --git a/src/utils/table.util.jsx b/src/utils/table.util.jsx
index fba20da..1527dac 100644
--- a/src/utils/table.util.jsx
+++ b/src/utils/table.util.jsx
@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ export const BADGE_STYLES = {
   // ── Generic boolean labels (BOOLEAN_FIELD_LABELS) ─────────
   "Yes": "bg-emerald-100 text-emerald-700 border-emerald-200",
   "No":  "bg-zinc-100 text-zinc-600 border-zinc-200",
+
+  // ── Publish status (Courses, Tier Plans) ──────
+  "draft":     "bg-amber-100 text-amber-700 border-amber-200",
+  "published": "bg-emerald-100 text-emerald-700 border-emerald-200",
 };
 
 function EnumBadge({ value }) {